Article Structure

LEMMA APPROACH

The Dictionary of historical Bavarian dialects in Austria and South Tyrol (WBÖ) follows a standard lemma approach when choosing the respective headword. (Dialectal variants such as Stoan/Stān or hoaß/hāß are accordingly used with the standard language equivalents Stein or heiß). If a lemma has a common German equivalent in the standard language, this is chosen as the lemma. Relevant dictionaries such as the Duden, the Austrian Dictionary (ÖWB), the Digital Dictionary of the German Language (DWDS) as well as the Variant Dictionary of German (VWB) and Wie sagt man in Österreich? by Jakob Ebner are consulted for verification.

If there is no standard language equivalent to a lemma, a historical-etymological equivalent is constructed, which could also occur in this form in today's standard language. Dialectal variants such as Foam or Fām are accordingly lemmatized under the keyword Feim.

Feminines that often appear without endings in the nominative singular in Bavarian or end in -en are always lemmatized with the standard language equivalent (e.g., fā͂õ as Fahne, flǫšn as Flasche). If such a standard language equivalent is missing, a form constructed according to standard language rules with a final -e is chosen (e.g., frę̄dn as Frette, fęɒgŋ̥ as Fege).

The orientation towards the standard language also applies to suffixes. Dialectal forms ending in -ing (e.g., Fechsing) are accordingly lemmatized with -ung (Fechsung). Adjectives whose endings go back to the Germanic -echt and which dialectally sound like -ɐt are rendered as -ert, as this suffix also occurs in standard texts, especially in southern Germany (e.g., deppert, farbert, schlampert).

As a general rule, the lemma approach is kept as short as possible, i.e. as a rule one lemma is given. If two variants coexist on an equal footing, both are included in the lemma beginning (e.g., fert, ferten; Fack, Facke).

GRAMMATICAL INFORMATION

Part of speech (noun, verb, adjective, adverb, preposition, pronoun, particle) is given, followed by information on the gender or inflection type. If several genera or inflection types occur, the part of speech most frequently used in the database is ranked first, the rarest last. No information on frequency is given (mostly, often, less often, also, etc.), as the evidence is often not meaningful enough for this. The same applies to the forms of strong, weak and mixed inflection verbs.

SPECIAL CASES

Diminutives, inflected forms (i.e. gender-specific derivations such as Fasserin to the lemma Fasser) and (a selection of) short forms are special cases. As these often do not fit into the word formation section (see below) or have the same meaning as the simplicia, they are also included in the article header. In addition, the diminutive forms and short forms are marked with the information (diminutive) or (short word), and the gender is also indicated. The following diminutive forms can be included:

• -el - for all diminutives on -el and syncopated -l (e.g., Fäckel)

• -elein - for the endings -ele and -le (especially in Southern Bavarian) (e.g., Fäckelein)

• -erl - for the endings -al, -erl, -ai (e.g., Fäckerl)

• -i - for the ending -i, mostly in children's language (e.g,. Fäcki)

There are also other diminutives (e.g., -tsch insertion) that have to be assigned a specific meaning. They are also included in the grammatical information (e.g., Fätscherl and Fätschi in the artikel Farch).

Short forms are only included in the article if there is not enough evidence for a separate article, but they represent important additional information from the writer's point of view. An example of this would be the short form Foto, which, like the corresponding lemma Fotografie, is in the feminine.

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN DICTIONARY ARTICLES AND DATABASE

Since the collection of documents was lemmatized according to a historical-etymological approach, but the dictionary in its new conception is based on a lemma approach oriented towards the standard language, the lemmas differ from each other in many cases. The lemma listed in the document collection as Fanílle appears in the dictionary under the standard-language keyword Vanille, while the lexeme Fackse is treated in the article Faxe. This also means that lemmas beginning with <f>, <v> or <ph> are included in the already completed article section on the letter F.

This field shows the overall distribution of a lemma at the level of the so-called “major regions” of the WBÖ processing area. All evidence for the respective lemma (both simplicia and compounds or derivations) is included, regardless of whether information on the sound or meaning is included in the article (or is available at all). The separate indication of the overall distribution is motivated by the fact that there is always evidence that contains insufficient semantic information and whose sound is poorly transcribed or not transcribed at all and which is therefore not included in either the meaning or the sound section of the article. To ensure that the valuable information about the occurrence of the lemma in question in a particular place or region is not lost, the evidence is included in the “Distribution” field. The geographical information in this field is therefore not necessarily congruent with the location and region information in the other article positions, but in many cases is more comprehensive.

For the presentation of regions: If all major regions of a federal state are covered (e.g. Mostv., Industriev., Waldv., Weinv.), the respective federal state is listed (NÖ). Major regions within a province are separated by a comma (Mostv., Waldv.), between the provinces or major regions of different provinces a semicolon is used (Mühlv.; Mostv.).

The field “phonology” comprises both an overview, in which the most important phonetic relationships are summarized, classified in terms of language history and presented in terms of linguistic geography, and a representative selection of evidence from the data material.

In accordance with the empirical approach of the new lexicographical concept, the overview is based on the phonetic evidence in the data material, i.e. statements are only made about regions for which corresponding evidence is available. For the interpretation of the data and their classification in the phonetic and phonetic-historical context, reference is made to the relevant literature (in particular Kranzmayer 1956); the presentation of the various sounds is based on leading forms in a standardized Teuthonista transcription, whereby the conventions of transcription are based on the previously published WBÖ volumes.

For the letter section F, the articles also contain a document selection, although this is omitted from the letter G onwards. This document selection contains phonetic variants from the data material, whereby no forms are constructed, but only well-transcribed original documents are selected and included. The criterion for the inclusion of a document is, in addition to the source (rather collector's documents and dissertations than dictionaries), the correct use of phonetic symbols. Wherever possible, documents that have been realized with diacritics and trigraphs (e.g., ch, sch) are not included, nor are documents in which characters have been adopted from orthography that (can) stand for sound combinations (e.g., x in Faxe). We carefully ensure that the evidence is as representative as possible and ideally covers the entire area in which a lemma is used. However, due to the nature of the evidence, it may be the case that a lemma is found in several parts of the area under investigation, but the phonetic evidence can only be listed for a small part of this area.

In principle, the documents are transferred to the articles exactly as they appear in the database (or on the handouts). The only exception is that only lowercase letters are used (i.e. Flōudɐ is rendered as flōudɐ).

Compound nouns are also adopted, whereby only the base word is given and the missing first member is marked by a hyphen (e.g. in the article schwerfällig, the phonetic evidence schweãfölė is given as fölė). We proceed in the same way with prefixes and articles.

Inflected forms and participles (unless they are nominative singular or infinitive) are listed as they appear in the data. The grammatical information is given in square brackets (e.g., fȏarăd [Part. I], gfǭrn [Part. II], få̄št [flekt.]. fǫrat [flekt.], fǫɒt̄t̄n [Pl.]. Diminutive forms are marked in the same way (e.g., fārtl [Dim.]).

Since the lexicographers cite evidence and do not construct forms, the smallest possible regional unit (usually the municipality) is indicated together with the major region. However, no details of the author are given if a reference comes from a publication.

Example: flōudɐ (Paternion, MKtn.)

The most important etymological information in this field can be found in the reference works by Friedrich Kluge (Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache), Wolfgang Pfeifer (Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Deutschen) and Matthias Lexer (Mittelhochdeutsches Handwörterbuch) serving as the main sources of information. Regarding German, the various language stages are dealt with chronologically (starting with Old High German). In the case of borrowings, the procedure is reversed, i.e. the language or language level from which the word was borrowed into German (e.g., Italian) is mentioned first, followed by older languages or language levels (e.g., Latin).

If a lemma is a derivation of another lemma that is dealt with in a separate article including etymology, the etymology is not stated, but reference is made to the original lemma or the corresponding article.

Example: Lemma Fertiger: Ableitung von ('derivation from') →fertigen

Several meanings are always separated by a semicolon (as in the meaning block, see below), even if there is a comma in the original (e.g., lemma Feier: ahd. fīra 'holiday; festival').

When specifying the meanings, the WBÖ is very much oriented towards the database. Meanings should not be overly summarized or generalized; fine distinctions are (largely) retained. However, the Duden or DWDS is always used as a comparison, as many explanations of meaning can be found there.

The numbering is according to the following scheme:

• Roman numeral. Arabic numeral. lower case Latin letter) lower case Greek letter)

• Example: III. 2. a) γ)

The Roman numerals represent blocks of meaning within which a finer differentiation is made. If the different meanings of a lemma are very similar to each other, the Roman numerals are omitted and Arabic numerals are used instead.

As far as the order of the meanings is concerned, the principle applies that the meaning closest to the etymology is given first. Within the individual blocks of meaning (marked by Roman numerals), we proceed from the general to the specific, even if a specific meaning is closer to the etymology than a general one (cf. e.g., the lemma fuchteln).

The explanations of meaning always list the shortest and most obvious meaning first. Individual meanings are separated by a simple semicolon (see also etymology), commas are only used in relative clauses and elliptical constructions (e.g., Heuernter: 'person who helps with the hay harvest'). Wherever possible, gendered forms are avoided and gender neutral forms are used instead (e.g., person instead of man or woman).

Meanings whose sources provide insufficient or unclear information and which therefore cannot be clearly interpreted are additionally placed in double quotation marks (e.g., Föhn '“bad wind”'). Meanings that refer to the context of use of the respective word are not placed in quotation marks, but are indicated by blocking the font (e.g., Funse swear word for a (supposedly stupid) person). If necessary and explicitly stated in the sources, each meaning is also evaluated with regard to its style and norm level (e.g., Farze'trombone' (derogatory); Fisch 'knife' (crooked)).

In some cases, the data material contains forms of language that must be considered inappropriate or discriminatory from today's perspective. This language is often directed against ethnic, religious or political minorities, and in many cases also against women. Corresponding passages are marked in the article with the addition [pejorative] (e.g., wie ein Schinder/Schwärzer/Zigeuner fahren 'to drive fast, wildly, impetuously' [pejorative]).

Ideally, (at least) one supporting clause is given for each meaning, but several supporting clauses can also be given if they differ in terms of grammatical construction (e.g., singular vs. plural; attributive vs. adverbial) or if they clarify the context of use. As with the phonetic evidence, precise details of the regional origin are given for the documentary clauses, i.e. stating the municipality (if possible) and the major region. If voucher phrases do not originate from collectors but from publications, the source is also cited precisely.

E.g.: tuǝt si pǫlt fakχlɒ? (Insam 1954: 70; Serfaus, wNTir.)

If two records come from the same municipality, the regional assignment is given twice.

E.g.: sė dǫən fęəchtėguŋ fǫərn (Eggelsberg, Innv.), sė hąmd fęəchtėguŋ gfǫən (Eggelsberg, Innv.)

This block includes compound words as well as particle and prefix words that have the simplex as a base word (and not as a determiner). The compound Maulfrette, for example, appears in the WBÖ as part of the article Frette. If the article head contains several lemma entries, but the word formation part only contains one entry, only the entry that is also found in the data is selected. In the case of the article Fack, Facke, the compound Greinfacke is only used in one form, which means that only the documented approach is used.

Participles that are used adjectivally and have not semantically split off too far from the basic meaning of the verb are also included in the word formation part of the verb. They are additionally marked with (adjectival part II).

E.g.: zerfieseln (adjectival part II) 'badly cut (e.g. hair)' Innv. - Danė Hå̄r hānd awǝ zsfisld (Peterskirchen, Innv.)

Idiomatic expressions such as proverbs or sayings that contain the corresponding lemma are included in the “Idioms” field. Phrases are only included if they are available in a dialectally transcribed form. It must also be clear what the meaning is and it must also be possible to locate them regionally. The word order is based on the original, but syntactic constructions that are uncommon or ungrammatical in the standard language are corrected (e.g., er gibt ihr's → er gibt es ihr).

The “idioms” field also includes phrases such as bleed (als) wie ein Fack ('bleed very heavily'). Their function is not defined in more detail, but they are provided with an explanation of their meaning. In addition, proverbs are included that often have a figurative meaning and are also given an explanation of their meaning.

For example: Children and little pigs always have empty pockets 'Children and little pigs are always hungry and always want something to eat' (proverb) mNTir., öNTir.; Ktn.; Innv.; Wien - Khīnɐr and fakė hąmd oėwaė lārė sakė (Eggelsberg, Innv.)

There are also sayings that have a formulaic character and are used in certain contexts. In this case, there is no explanation of the meaning.

E.g.: Beinfraß ich tue dich abbinden, Beinfraß du musst verschwinden, im Namen Gottes Vater und des Sohns und des heiligen Geistes Amen Heilspruch Mühlv. - Boãñfrås i tuə di åbind'n / Boãñfrås du muəst faschwind'n / ön Nåmen Gottas Våtas und des Suns und des heiling Geist Amen (Pabneukirchen, Mühlv.)

Other examples of sayings are: blessing saying, mocking saying, children's saying, marriage saying, hunter's saying, drinking saying, etc.