Advances in the Characterisation and Remediation of Sites Contaminated with Petroleum Hydrocarbons.

• Superior document: Environmental Contamination Remediation and Management Series.
• Author: García-Rincón, Jonás.
• TeilnehmendeR: Gatsios, Evangelos.; Lenhard, Robert J.; Atekwana, Estella A.; Naidu, Ravi.
• Place / Publishing House: Cham : : Springer International Publishing AG,, 2023.; ©2024.
• Year of Publication: 2023
• Edition: First edition.
• Language: English
• Series: Environmental contamination remediation and management.
• Physical Description: 1 online resource (675 pages)

Table of Contents

• Intro
• Preface
• Reviewers
• Contents
• Contributors
• Acronyms and Symbols
• 1 Complexities of Petroleum Hydrocarbon Contaminated Sites
• 1.1 Introduction
• 1.2 Problem Recognition and Regulatory Environment
• 1.2.1 Problem recognition-The Case of Large Oil Spills
• 1.2.2 Regulatory Frameworks
• 1.2.3 Toward Improved Management and Regulation of PHC-Contaminated Sites
• 1.3 Multiphase Flow Mechanics
• 1.4 Complexities Associated with PHC NAPL Composition
• 1.5 Geological and Hydrogeological Concepts that Help Tackle LNAPL Management Challenges
• 1.6 Summary
• References
• 2 Historical Development of Constitutive Relations for Addressing Subsurface LNAPL Contamination
• 2.1 Introduction
• 2.2 Recognition of Health Effects from LNAPLs in the Subsurface
• 2.3 Predicting Subsurface LNAPL Behavior: Early Developments
• 2.4 The Parker et al. (1987) Nonhysteretic Model
• 2.5 Hysteretic Model
• 2.6 Predicting LNAPL Saturations, Volumes, and Transmissivity from Well Levels
• 2.7 Incorporating Free, Residual, and Entrapped LNAPL Fractions
• 2.8 Recent Developments. The Lenhard et al. (2017) Model
• 2.9 Layered Porous Media
• 2.10 Summary and Steps Forward
• References
• 3 Estimating LNAPL Volumes in Unimodal and Multimodal Subsurface Pore Systems
• 3.1 Introduction
• 3.2 Pore Structures
• 3.3 Water and LNAPL Saturations
• 3.4 Capillary Pressure-Saturation Curves
• 3.5 Estimating LNAPL Saturations and Volumes from In-Well Thickness
• 3.6 Conclusions
• References
• 4 The Application of Sequence Stratigraphy to the Investigation and Remediation of LNAPL-Contaminated Sites
• 4.1 Introduction
• 4.1.1 The Challenge of Subsurface Heterogeneity on LNAPL Remediation
• 4.1.2 Application of Facies Models for Predicting Subsurface Heterogeneity
• 4.2 Lithostratigraphy Versus Chronostratigraphy.
• 4.2.1 The Pitfalls of Traditional Correlation Methods
• 4.2.2 Chronostratigraphy-The Preferred Approach to Stratigraphic Correlation
• 4.3 Sequence Stratigraphy-A New Paradigm for the Environmental Industry
• 4.4 Methodology
• 4.4.1 Application of Sequence Stratigraphic Principles at Contaminated Sites
• 4.4.2 Evaluation of Geologic Setting and Accommodation
• 4.4.3 Analysis of Lithologic Data
• 4.4.4 Facies Architecture Analysis
• 4.4.5 Correlation Between Boreholes
• 4.4.6 Integration with Hydrogeology and Chemistry Data
• 4.5 Case Study: Using Sequence Stratigraphy to Inform Remedial Decision-Making at a Geologically Complex LNAPL-Impacted Site
• 4.5.1 Site Background
• 4.5.2 Application of Sequence Stratigraphy
• 4.6 Summary
• 4.7 Future Directions
• References
• 5 Natural Source Zone Depletion of Petroleum Hydrocarbon NAPL
• 5.1 Overview of NSZD Process
• 5.2 Measuring NSZD Rates
• 5.2.1 Soil Gas Methods
• 5.2.2 Soil Temperature Methods
• 5.2.3 Petroleum NAPL Chemical Composition Change
• 5.2.4 Emerging Science and Future Vision
• 5.2.5 Summary and Conclusion
• References
• 6 Petroleum Vapor Intrusion
• 6.1 Introduction
• 6.2 Fate and Transport of Petroleum Vapors in the Subsurface
• 6.2.1 Natural Source Zone Depletion (NSZD)
• 6.2.2 Phase Partitioning
• 6.2.3 Molecular Diffusion
• 6.2.4 Advection and Bubble-Facilitated Transport (Ebullition)
• 6.2.5 Biodegradation During Vapor Transport
• 6.2.6 Entry into the Building: Traditional and Preferential Pathways
• 6.3 PVI Assessment
• 6.3.1 Vertical and Lateral Exclusion Distance
• 6.3.2 Analytical and Numerical Modeling
• 6.3.3 Soil Gas Sampling
• 6.3.4 Indoor Air Sampling
• 6.3.5 Risk Assessment
• 6.4 Conclusions
• References.
• 7 High-Resolution Characterization of the Shallow Unconsolidated Subsurface Using Direct Push, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, and Groundwater Tracing Technologies
• 7.1 Introduction
• 7.2 Characterization of Hydraulic Conductivity by Direct Push Approaches
• 7.2.1 Direct Push Technology
• 7.2.2 Larned Research Site
• 7.2.3 Direct Push Electrical Conductivity
• 7.2.4 Direct Push Permeameter
• 7.2.5 Direct Push Injection Logger
• 7.2.6 Hydraulic Profiling Tool
• 7.2.7 High-Resolution K (HRK) Tool
• 7.2.8 Summary of Direct Push Approaches
• 7.3 Characterization of Hydraulic Conductivity and Porosity by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Profiling
• 7.3.1 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
• 7.3.2 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Application at Larned Research Site
• 7.4 Groundwater Velocity Characterization
• 7.4.1 Characterization of Velocity by Distributed Temperature Sensing
• 7.4.2 Characterization of Groundwater Velocity by Point Velocity Probe
• 7.5 Summary and Conclusions
• References
• 8 High-Resolution Delineation of Petroleum NAPLs
• 8.1 History of Subsurface Petroleum Hydrocarbon Investigation
• 8.2 High-Resolution Petroleum Hydrocarbon NAPL Screening
• 8.2.1 Capabilities Necessary to Delineate NAPL
• 8.2.2 Choosing the Appropriate Method
• 8.3 High-Density Coring and Sampling (HDCS)
• 8.3.1 Advantages and Disadvantages of HDCS
• 8.3.2 HDSC - Best Practices
• 8.3.3 HDCS Logging in Practice
• 8.4 Direct Sensing of Petroleum NAPL
• 8.5 Membrane Interface Probe (MIP)
• 8.5.1 MIP Logging in Practice
• 8.6 Laser-Induced Fluorescence (LIF)
• 8.6.1 History
• 8.6.2 LIF Family of Optical Screening Tools
• 8.6.3 NAPL Fluorescence
• 8.6.4 UVOST Waveforms
• 8.6.5 Analysis and Interpretation of LIF Logs
• 8.7 Tar-Specific Green Optical Screening Tool (TarGOST®)
• 8.8 Dye-Enhanced Laser-Induced Fluorescence (DyeLIF™).
• 8.9 General Best Practices for LIF
• 8.10 Conclusions
• References
• 9 Biogeophysics for Optimized Characterization of Petroleum-Contaminated Sites
• 9.1 Introduction
• 9.1.1 Terminal Electron Acceptor Processes at LNAPL Impacted Sites
• 9.1.2 By-Products of Microbial-Mediated Redox Processes Drive Geophysical Property Changes
• 9.2 Geophysical Methods
• 9.2.1 Electrical Methods
• 9.2.2 Magnetic Method
• 9.3 Geophysical Applications and Case Studies
• 9.3.1 Geophysical Signatures of Changes in Pore Fluid Conductivity
• 9.3.2 Resistive Response in Saline Aquifers
• 9.3.3 Example from Cold, Permafrost Environments
• 9.3.4 Geophysical Signatures of Microbial-Mediated Mineral Precipitation
• 9.3.5 Geophysical Investigations at Bemidji, Minnesota, USA
• 9.3.6 Temporal (Time-Lapse) Geophysical Investigations of Hydrocarbon-Contaminated Sites
• 9.3.7 Other Emergent Geophysical Techniques
• 9.4 Conclusions and Key Take-Aways
• References
• 10 Molecular Biological Tools Used in Assessment and Remediation of Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Soil and Groundwater
• 10.1 Introduction
• 10.2 MBTs Used in PHC Investigation and Remediation
• 10.2.1 In-Situ Microcosms (ISMs)
• 10.2.2 Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR)
• 10.2.3 Reverse Transcription Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-qPCR)
• 10.2.4 Stable Isotope Probing (SIP)
• 10.2.5 Compound-Specific Isotope Analysis (CSIA)
• 10.2.6 DNA Sequencing
• 10.3 Selection of MBTs
• 10.3.1 QPCR Versus RT-QPCR
• 10.3.2 SIP Versus CSIA
• 10.3.3 QPCR Versus qPCR Arrays Versus DNA Sequencing
• 10.4 Case Studies
• 10.4.1 Transition to MNA at a Former Retail Gasoline Station
• 10.4.2 Oxygen Addition at a Former Retail Gasoline Station
• 10.4.3 Continuation of MNA at a Pipeline Release in a Remote Area
• 10.5 Cost Considerations in MBT Selection
• 10.6 Summary.
• 10.7 Future Directions
• References
• 11 Compound-Specific Isotope Analysis (CSIA) to Assess Remediation Performance at Petroleum Hydrocarbon-Contaminated Sites
• 11.1 Introduction
• 11.2 CSIA Principles
• 11.2.1 Background and Concepts
• 11.2.2 Isotope Analysis and Delta Notation
• 11.2.3 Isotope Fractionation Processes and Quantification
• 11.3 CSIA Implementation for Field Site Evaluation
• 11.3.1 Approach and Sampling Strategy Considerations
• 11.3.2 CSIA Sampling Requirements and Procedures
• 11.4 CSIA Field Data
• 11.4.1 Interpretation Considerations and Pitfalls
• 11.4.2 Assessment Approach
• 11.5 Examples of Field Case Applications
• 11.5.1 In situ Chemical Oxidation Application
• 11.5.2 Bioremediation Application
• 11.6 Summary and Future Development
• References
• 12 LNAPL Transmissivity, Mobility and Recoverability-Utility and Complications
• 12.1 Introduction
• 12.2 Quantitative Definition of Tn
• 12.3 Theoretical Implications of Tn Factors
• 12.4 Effect of Soil Type
• 12.5 Effect of LNAPL Properties
• 12.6 Transience of LNAPL Transmissivity
• 12.7 Summary of Theoretical Observations
• 12.8 Estimation of LNAPL Transmissivity
• 12.9 Field and Laboratory Testing Observations
• 12.10 Intrinsic Permeability and Fluid Type
• 12.11 Interfacial Tensions
• 12.12 Real-World Heterogeneity
• 12.13 Tn Field Observations
• 12.14 The (F)Utility of LNAPL Recovery
• 12.15 Recoverability Assessment of a Recent Release
• 12.15.1 General Site Background and Findings
• 12.15.2 LNAPL Mobility and Recoverability
• 12.16 Laboratory-Derived versus Field LNAPL Transmissivity
• 12.17 Flux and Longevity Considerations on LNAPL Recovery
• 12.18 Conclusions
• References
• 13 Incorporating Natural Source Zone Depletion (NSZD) into the Site Management Strategy
• 13.1 Introduction
• 13.2 Overview of Case Study Site Setting.
• 13.3 Importance of Site Risk Profile and Regulatory Framework.