Advances in the Characterisation and Remediation of Sites Contaminated with Petroleum Hydrocarbons.
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Superior document: | Environmental Contamination Remediation and Management Series. |
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TeilnehmendeR: | |
Place / Publishing House: | Cham : : Springer International Publishing AG,, 2023. ©2024. |
Year of Publication: | 2023 |
Edition: | First edition. |
Language: | English |
Series: | Environmental contamination remediation and management.
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Physical Description: | 1 online resource (675 pages) |
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Table of Contents:
- Intro
- Preface
- Reviewers
- Contents
- Contributors
- Acronyms and Symbols
- 1 Complexities of Petroleum Hydrocarbon Contaminated Sites
- 1.1 Introduction
- 1.2 Problem Recognition and Regulatory Environment
- 1.2.1 Problem recognition-The Case of Large Oil Spills
- 1.2.2 Regulatory Frameworks
- 1.2.3 Toward Improved Management and Regulation of PHC-Contaminated Sites
- 1.3 Multiphase Flow Mechanics
- 1.4 Complexities Associated with PHC NAPL Composition
- 1.5 Geological and Hydrogeological Concepts that Help Tackle LNAPL Management Challenges
- 1.6 Summary
- References
- 2 Historical Development of Constitutive Relations for Addressing Subsurface LNAPL Contamination
- 2.1 Introduction
- 2.2 Recognition of Health Effects from LNAPLs in the Subsurface
- 2.3 Predicting Subsurface LNAPL Behavior: Early Developments
- 2.4 The Parker et al. (1987) Nonhysteretic Model
- 2.5 Hysteretic Model
- 2.6 Predicting LNAPL Saturations, Volumes, and Transmissivity from Well Levels
- 2.7 Incorporating Free, Residual, and Entrapped LNAPL Fractions
- 2.8 Recent Developments. The Lenhard et al. (2017) Model
- 2.9 Layered Porous Media
- 2.10 Summary and Steps Forward
- References
- 3 Estimating LNAPL Volumes in Unimodal and Multimodal Subsurface Pore Systems
- 3.1 Introduction
- 3.2 Pore Structures
- 3.3 Water and LNAPL Saturations
- 3.4 Capillary Pressure-Saturation Curves
- 3.5 Estimating LNAPL Saturations and Volumes from In-Well Thickness
- 3.6 Conclusions
- References
- 4 The Application of Sequence Stratigraphy to the Investigation and Remediation of LNAPL-Contaminated Sites
- 4.1 Introduction
- 4.1.1 The Challenge of Subsurface Heterogeneity on LNAPL Remediation
- 4.1.2 Application of Facies Models for Predicting Subsurface Heterogeneity
- 4.2 Lithostratigraphy Versus Chronostratigraphy.
- 4.2.1 The Pitfalls of Traditional Correlation Methods
- 4.2.2 Chronostratigraphy-The Preferred Approach to Stratigraphic Correlation
- 4.3 Sequence Stratigraphy-A New Paradigm for the Environmental Industry
- 4.4 Methodology
- 4.4.1 Application of Sequence Stratigraphic Principles at Contaminated Sites
- 4.4.2 Evaluation of Geologic Setting and Accommodation
- 4.4.3 Analysis of Lithologic Data
- 4.4.4 Facies Architecture Analysis
- 4.4.5 Correlation Between Boreholes
- 4.4.6 Integration with Hydrogeology and Chemistry Data
- 4.5 Case Study: Using Sequence Stratigraphy to Inform Remedial Decision-Making at a Geologically Complex LNAPL-Impacted Site
- 4.5.1 Site Background
- 4.5.2 Application of Sequence Stratigraphy
- 4.6 Summary
- 4.7 Future Directions
- References
- 5 Natural Source Zone Depletion of Petroleum Hydrocarbon NAPL
- 5.1 Overview of NSZD Process
- 5.2 Measuring NSZD Rates
- 5.2.1 Soil Gas Methods
- 5.2.2 Soil Temperature Methods
- 5.2.3 Petroleum NAPL Chemical Composition Change
- 5.2.4 Emerging Science and Future Vision
- 5.2.5 Summary and Conclusion
- References
- 6 Petroleum Vapor Intrusion
- 6.1 Introduction
- 6.2 Fate and Transport of Petroleum Vapors in the Subsurface
- 6.2.1 Natural Source Zone Depletion (NSZD)
- 6.2.2 Phase Partitioning
- 6.2.3 Molecular Diffusion
- 6.2.4 Advection and Bubble-Facilitated Transport (Ebullition)
- 6.2.5 Biodegradation During Vapor Transport
- 6.2.6 Entry into the Building: Traditional and Preferential Pathways
- 6.3 PVI Assessment
- 6.3.1 Vertical and Lateral Exclusion Distance
- 6.3.2 Analytical and Numerical Modeling
- 6.3.3 Soil Gas Sampling
- 6.3.4 Indoor Air Sampling
- 6.3.5 Risk Assessment
- 6.4 Conclusions
- References.
- 7 High-Resolution Characterization of the Shallow Unconsolidated Subsurface Using Direct Push, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, and Groundwater Tracing Technologies
- 7.1 Introduction
- 7.2 Characterization of Hydraulic Conductivity by Direct Push Approaches
- 7.2.1 Direct Push Technology
- 7.2.2 Larned Research Site
- 7.2.3 Direct Push Electrical Conductivity
- 7.2.4 Direct Push Permeameter
- 7.2.5 Direct Push Injection Logger
- 7.2.6 Hydraulic Profiling Tool
- 7.2.7 High-Resolution K (HRK) Tool
- 7.2.8 Summary of Direct Push Approaches
- 7.3 Characterization of Hydraulic Conductivity and Porosity by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Profiling
- 7.3.1 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
- 7.3.2 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Application at Larned Research Site
- 7.4 Groundwater Velocity Characterization
- 7.4.1 Characterization of Velocity by Distributed Temperature Sensing
- 7.4.2 Characterization of Groundwater Velocity by Point Velocity Probe
- 7.5 Summary and Conclusions
- References
- 8 High-Resolution Delineation of Petroleum NAPLs
- 8.1 History of Subsurface Petroleum Hydrocarbon Investigation
- 8.2 High-Resolution Petroleum Hydrocarbon NAPL Screening
- 8.2.1 Capabilities Necessary to Delineate NAPL
- 8.2.2 Choosing the Appropriate Method
- 8.3 High-Density Coring and Sampling (HDCS)
- 8.3.1 Advantages and Disadvantages of HDCS
- 8.3.2 HDSC - Best Practices
- 8.3.3 HDCS Logging in Practice
- 8.4 Direct Sensing of Petroleum NAPL
- 8.5 Membrane Interface Probe (MIP)
- 8.5.1 MIP Logging in Practice
- 8.6 Laser-Induced Fluorescence (LIF)
- 8.6.1 History
- 8.6.2 LIF Family of Optical Screening Tools
- 8.6.3 NAPL Fluorescence
- 8.6.4 UVOST Waveforms
- 8.6.5 Analysis and Interpretation of LIF Logs
- 8.7 Tar-Specific Green Optical Screening Tool (TarGOST®)
- 8.8 Dye-Enhanced Laser-Induced Fluorescence (DyeLIF™).
- 8.9 General Best Practices for LIF
- 8.10 Conclusions
- References
- 9 Biogeophysics for Optimized Characterization of Petroleum-Contaminated Sites
- 9.1 Introduction
- 9.1.1 Terminal Electron Acceptor Processes at LNAPL Impacted Sites
- 9.1.2 By-Products of Microbial-Mediated Redox Processes Drive Geophysical Property Changes
- 9.2 Geophysical Methods
- 9.2.1 Electrical Methods
- 9.2.2 Magnetic Method
- 9.3 Geophysical Applications and Case Studies
- 9.3.1 Geophysical Signatures of Changes in Pore Fluid Conductivity
- 9.3.2 Resistive Response in Saline Aquifers
- 9.3.3 Example from Cold, Permafrost Environments
- 9.3.4 Geophysical Signatures of Microbial-Mediated Mineral Precipitation
- 9.3.5 Geophysical Investigations at Bemidji, Minnesota, USA
- 9.3.6 Temporal (Time-Lapse) Geophysical Investigations of Hydrocarbon-Contaminated Sites
- 9.3.7 Other Emergent Geophysical Techniques
- 9.4 Conclusions and Key Take-Aways
- References
- 10 Molecular Biological Tools Used in Assessment and Remediation of Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Soil and Groundwater
- 10.1 Introduction
- 10.2 MBTs Used in PHC Investigation and Remediation
- 10.2.1 In-Situ Microcosms (ISMs)
- 10.2.2 Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR)
- 10.2.3 Reverse Transcription Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-qPCR)
- 10.2.4 Stable Isotope Probing (SIP)
- 10.2.5 Compound-Specific Isotope Analysis (CSIA)
- 10.2.6 DNA Sequencing
- 10.3 Selection of MBTs
- 10.3.1 QPCR Versus RT-QPCR
- 10.3.2 SIP Versus CSIA
- 10.3.3 QPCR Versus qPCR Arrays Versus DNA Sequencing
- 10.4 Case Studies
- 10.4.1 Transition to MNA at a Former Retail Gasoline Station
- 10.4.2 Oxygen Addition at a Former Retail Gasoline Station
- 10.4.3 Continuation of MNA at a Pipeline Release in a Remote Area
- 10.5 Cost Considerations in MBT Selection
- 10.6 Summary.
- 10.7 Future Directions
- References
- 11 Compound-Specific Isotope Analysis (CSIA) to Assess Remediation Performance at Petroleum Hydrocarbon-Contaminated Sites
- 11.1 Introduction
- 11.2 CSIA Principles
- 11.2.1 Background and Concepts
- 11.2.2 Isotope Analysis and Delta Notation
- 11.2.3 Isotope Fractionation Processes and Quantification
- 11.3 CSIA Implementation for Field Site Evaluation
- 11.3.1 Approach and Sampling Strategy Considerations
- 11.3.2 CSIA Sampling Requirements and Procedures
- 11.4 CSIA Field Data
- 11.4.1 Interpretation Considerations and Pitfalls
- 11.4.2 Assessment Approach
- 11.5 Examples of Field Case Applications
- 11.5.1 In situ Chemical Oxidation Application
- 11.5.2 Bioremediation Application
- 11.6 Summary and Future Development
- References
- 12 LNAPL Transmissivity, Mobility and Recoverability-Utility and Complications
- 12.1 Introduction
- 12.2 Quantitative Definition of Tn
- 12.3 Theoretical Implications of Tn Factors
- 12.4 Effect of Soil Type
- 12.5 Effect of LNAPL Properties
- 12.6 Transience of LNAPL Transmissivity
- 12.7 Summary of Theoretical Observations
- 12.8 Estimation of LNAPL Transmissivity
- 12.9 Field and Laboratory Testing Observations
- 12.10 Intrinsic Permeability and Fluid Type
- 12.11 Interfacial Tensions
- 12.12 Real-World Heterogeneity
- 12.13 Tn Field Observations
- 12.14 The (F)Utility of LNAPL Recovery
- 12.15 Recoverability Assessment of a Recent Release
- 12.15.1 General Site Background and Findings
- 12.15.2 LNAPL Mobility and Recoverability
- 12.16 Laboratory-Derived versus Field LNAPL Transmissivity
- 12.17 Flux and Longevity Considerations on LNAPL Recovery
- 12.18 Conclusions
- References
- 13 Incorporating Natural Source Zone Depletion (NSZD) into the Site Management Strategy
- 13.1 Introduction
- 13.2 Overview of Case Study Site Setting.
- 13.3 Importance of Site Risk Profile and Regulatory Framework.