The battle of human rights : : gross, systematic violations and the Inter-American system / / Cecilia Medina Quiroga.

• Superior document: International Studies in Human Rights ; 11
• Author: Nederlands Instituut voor Sociaal en Economisch Recht.
• VerfasserIn: Medina Quiroga, Cecilia,
• TeilnehmendeR: Nederlands Instituut voor Sociaal en Economisch Recht.
• Place / Publishing House: Dordrecht, Netherlands ;, Boston, Massachusetts : : Martinus Nijhoff,, [1988]; ©1988
• Year of Publication: 1988
• Language: English
• Series: International Studies in Human Rights ; 11.
• Physical Description: 1 online resource.
• Notes: "Published in cooperation with the Netherlands Institute for Social and Economic Law Research."

Table of Contents

• Intro
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Acknowledgments
• Table of Contents
• I INTRODUCTION
• II GROSS, SYSTEMATIC VIOLATIONS OF HUMAN RIGHTS: IN SEARCH OF A DEFINITION
• 2.1. The United Nations and gross, systematic violations
• the concept of "consistent pattern of gross violations of human rights"
• 2.2. Gross, systematic violations
• a proposal for a definition
• 2.2.1. The meaning of the words
• 2.2.2. The elements
• 2.2.2.1. The element of quantity
• 2.2.2.2. The element of time
• 2.2.2.3. The element of quality
• 2.2.2.3.1. The type of rights being violated
• 2.2.2.3.2. The character of the violation
• 2.2.2.3.3. The status of the victims
• 2.2.2.4. The element of planning
• 2.2.3. The definition
• 2.3. Gross, systematic violations
• the importance of a categorization
• III THE ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE PRINCIPLES OF RESPECT FOR HUMAN RIGHTS AND DEMOCRACY IN THE INTER-AMERICAN SYSTEM
• 3.1. Introduction
• 3.2. The beginnings of the inter-American system
• a problem of unequal partners
• 3.3. The inter-American system and "foreign totalitarianism"
• democracy as a banner against the Axis Powers
• 3.3.1. The good neighbor policy and solidarity under the threat of war
• 3.3.2. The Meetings of Consultation of Ministers of Foreign Affairs and the Second World War
• 3.3.3. The Mexico City Conference of 1945
• preparations for the post-war period
• 3.3.4. Summary of the period
• 3.4. The inter-American system and "foreign totalitarianism"
• democracy and respect for human rights in the struggle against communism
• 3.4.1. Introduction
• 3.4.2. The inter-American system and its first Constitution
• the Organization of American States (OAS)
• 3.4.3. Democracy and human rights in the Ninth International Conference of American States
• 3.4.3.1. Recognition of de facto governments.
• 3.4.3.2. Defense and preservation of democracy in America as a containing wall against communism
• 3.4.3.3. The American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man
• 3.4.4. Democracy and human rights in the Charter of the OAS
• 3.4.4.1. The principles upon which the OAS was founded
• 3.4.4.2. The principles of democracy and human rights in the Charter
• 3.4.4.2.1. The travaux préparatoires
• 3.4.4.2.2. The provisions and their interpretation
• 3.4.5. Democracy and human rights after the signing of the OAS Charter
• 3.4.5.1. The Fourth Meeting of Consultation of Ministers of Foreign Affairs (Washington, D.C., March 26-April 7, 1951)
• 3.4.5.2. The Tenth Inter-American Conference (Caracas, Venezuela, March 1-28, 1954)
• 3.4.5.3. The beginning of a new era for the protection of human rights in the Americas
• 3.4.5.3.1. Democracy and the Declaration of Santiago
• 3.4.5.3.2. Human Rights
• 3.5. The Latin American approach: the search for ideological pluralism
• IV THE INTER-AMERICAN SYSTEM FOR THE PROMOTION AND PROTECTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS PRIOR TO THE AMERICAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS
• 4.1. The creation of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights
• 4.1.1. Origins
• 4.1.2. The functions and powers of the original Commission
• 4.1.2.1. Legal basis
• Resolution VIII and the Statute
• 4.1.2.2. The original Commission and individual communications
• the starting point for the broadening of the Commission's powers
• 4.1.2.3. Other activities of the Commission
• 4.2. The broadening of the powers of the Commission at the Second Special Inter-American Conference of 1965
• 4.2.1. The Conference
• 4.2.2. The new powers of the Commission
• a matter of interpretation
• 4.3. The Commission becomes an organ of the OAS
• the amendment of the OAS Charter
• 4.3.1. The Third Special Inter-American Conference.
• general purposes of the amendment
• 4.3.2. The new status of the Inter-American Commission on Human rights
• 4.4. A general view of the system prior to the American Convention on Human Rights
• V THE AMERICAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS
• 5.1. Origins
• 5.2. General contents of the Convention
• 5.2.1. State obligations
• 5.2.2. The rights included in the Convention
• 5.2.3. Restriction of rights
• 5.2.4. Suspension of rights
• 5.2.5. Special rules of interpretation
• 5.2.6. The organs for the promotion and protection of human rights
• 5.3. Ratification or adherence
• 5.4. Reservations
• 5.5. Denunciation
• VI THE INTER-AMERICAN COMMISSION ON HUMAN RIGHTS
• 6.1. The Inter-American Commission on Human Rights in transition
• 6.2. The Inter-American Commission on Human Rights and the legal basis of its powers after the entry into force of the American Convention
• 6.3. Composition and functioning
• 6.4. The promotional function of the Commission
• 6.5. The protective function of the Commission
• 6.5.1. Some general considerations
• 6.5.2. Legal mechanisms at the disposal of the Commission to perform its protective function
• 6.5.2.1. Fact-finding
• 6.5.2.1.1. Request of information
• 6.5.2.1.2. Communications
• 6.5.2.1.3. Hearings
• 6.5.2.1.4. Observations in loco
• 6.5.2.2. Actions that the Commission may take in the performance of its protective function
• 6.5.2.2.1. Recommendations
• 6.5.2.2.2. Good offices and mediation
• 6.5.2.2.3. Publicity
• 6.5.3. The handling of communications under articles 44 through 51 of the American Convention and article 20 of the Commission's Statute
• 6.5.3.1. Active and passive legitimation
• 6.5.3.2. Admissibility
• 6.5.3.3. Further consideration of the case
• 6.5.3.4. Examination of the merits
• friendly settlement
• 6.5.3.5. The decision.
• 6.5.4. The examination of the general situation of human rights in a country
• the country reports
• 6.6. The annual reports of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights
• VII THE INTER-AMERICAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS
• 7.1. Origins
• 7.2. The position of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights in the inter-American system
• 7.3. Composition and functioning
• 7.4. The Court's jurisdiction
• 7.4.1. Contentious jurisdiction
• 7.4.1.1. Procedural requirements to bring a case before the Court
• 7.4.1.2. Standing to bring a case before the Court
• the parties to the case
• 7.4.1.2.1. The states parties to the Convention
• 7.4.1.2.2. The Commission
• the individual
• 7.4.1.2.3. The parties to the case
• 7.4.1.3. Provisional measures
• a type of contentious jurisdiction
• 7.4.1.4. Initial processing and examination of the case
• 7.4.1.5. Final stage of the proceedings
• 7.4.1.6. Enforcement of the Court's judgment
• 7.4.2. Advisory jurisdiction
• 7.4.2.1. Jurisdiction under article 64(1) of the Convention
• 7.4.2.2. Jurisdiction under article 64(2) of the Convention
• 7.4.2.3. Rules of Procedure concerning the Court's advisory jurisdiction
• 7.4.2.3.1. Rules of Procedure concerning article 64(1)
• 7.4.2.3.2. Rules of Procedure concerning article 64(2)
• VIII THE CASE OF CUBA
• 8.1. Introduction
• 8.2. The first stage: Human rights supervision in Cuba prior to the exclusion of the Cuban government from participation in the inter-American system
• 8.2.1. The Seventh Meeting of Consultation of Ministers of Foreign Affairs (San Jose de Costa Rica, 22-29 August, 1960)
• 8.2.2. The Inter-American Commission on Human Rights
• 8.2.3. The Inter-American Peace Committee (IAPC)
• 8.3. Expulsion of the Cuban government from the inter-American system.
• 8.3.1. The Eighth Meeting of Consultation of Ministers of Foreign Affairs (Punta del Este, Uruguay, January 22-31, 1962)
• 8.3.2. The importance of the Eighth Meeting of Consultation for human rights
• 8.4. The second stage: Human rights supervision in Cuba after the exclusion of the Cuban government from the inter-American system
• 8.4.1. The political organs of the OAS and Cuba
• the Meetings of Consultation of Ministers of Foreign Affairs and the Permanent Council
• 8.4.2. The Inter-American Commission on Human Rights and its competence with regard to Cuba
• the reaction of the political organs
• 8.4.3. The Commission's activities with regard to Cuba
• 8.4.3.1. Introduction
• 8.4.3.2. The Seventh Report on Cuba
• 8.4.3.2.1. Form and substance
• 8.4.3.2.2. The Report's final conclusions
• 8.4.3.2.3. Subsequent steps
• 8.4.3.3. Last events
• 8.5. Summary
• IX THE CASE OF NICARAGUA
• 9.1. Introduction
• 9.2. The Inter-American Commission on Human Rights and its first steps to supervise the human rights situation in Nicaragua
• 9.3. The awakening of the political will of the OAS
• 9.3.1. Introduction
• 9.3.2. First international tensions
• 9.3.3. Human rights come to the fore
• 9.4. The Commission steps up its activities concerning Nicaragua
• the Report on the Situation of Human Rights in Nicaragua
• 9.4.1. Introduction
• 9.4.2. The observation in loco
• 9.4.2.1. Preliminary activities
• 9.4.2.2. The visit
• 9.4.3. The Nicaraguan Report
• its substance
• 9.4.4. The observations of the Nicaraguan government
• 9.4.5. Further steps
• 9.5. The Seventeenth Meeting of Consultation of Ministers of Foreign Affairs (Washington, D.C., September 21, 1978-June 23, 1979)
• 9.5.1. Introduction
• 9.5.2. The agenda of the Meeting of Consultation
• a conflict of issue (the September meetings).
• 9.5.3. The Permanent Council as a subsidiary arena for the consideration of the Nicaraguan situation.