The battle of human rights : : gross, systematic violations and the Inter-American system / / Cecilia Medina Quiroga.

• Superior document: International Studies in Human Rights ; 11
• Author: Nederlands Instituut voor Sociaal en Economisch Recht.
• VerfasserIn: Medina Quiroga, Cecilia,
• TeilnehmendeR: Nederlands Instituut voor Sociaal en Economisch Recht.
• Place / Publishing House: Dordrecht, Netherlands ;, Boston, Massachusetts : : Martinus Nijhoff,, [1988]; ©1988
• Year of Publication: 1988
• Language: English
• Series: International Studies in Human Rights ; 11.
• Physical Description: 1 online resource.
• Notes: "Published in cooperation with the Netherlands Institute for Social and Economic Law Research."

Table of Contents

Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Acknowledgments -- Table of Contents -- I INTRODUCTION -- II GROSS, SYSTEMATIC VIOLATIONS OF HUMAN RIGHTS: IN SEARCH OF A DEFINITION -- 2.1. The United Nations and gross, systematic violations -- the concept of "consistent pattern of gross violations of human rights" -- 2.2. Gross, systematic violations -- a proposal for a definition -- 2.2.1. The meaning of the words -- 2.2.2. The elements -- 2.2.2.1. The element of quantity -- 2.2.2.2. The element of time -- 2.2.2.3. The element of quality -- 2.2.2.3.1. The type of rights being violated -- 2.2.2.3.2. The character of the violation -- 2.2.2.3.3. The status of the victims -- 2.2.2.4. The element of planning -- 2.2.3. The definition -- 2.3. Gross, systematic violations -- the importance of a categorization -- III THE ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE PRINCIPLES OF RESPECT FOR HUMAN RIGHTS AND DEMOCRACY IN THE INTER-AMERICAN SYSTEM -- 3.1. Introduction -- 3.2. The beginnings of the inter-American system -- a problem of unequal partners -- 3.3. The inter-American system and "foreign totalitarianism" -- democracy as a banner against the Axis Powers -- 3.3.1. The good neighbor policy and solidarity under the threat of war -- 3.3.2. The Meetings of Consultation of Ministers of Foreign Affairs and the Second World War -- 3.3.3. The Mexico City Conference of 1945 -- preparations for the post-war period -- 3.3.4. Summary of the period -- 3.4. The inter-American system and "foreign totalitarianism" -- democracy and respect for human rights in the struggle against communism -- 3.4.1. Introduction -- 3.4.2. The inter-American system and its first Constitution -- the Organization of American States (OAS) -- 3.4.3. Democracy and human rights in the Ninth International Conference of American States -- 3.4.3.1. Recognition of de facto governments.

3.4.3.2. Defense and preservation of democracy in America as a containing wall against communism -- 3.4.3.3. The American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man -- 3.4.4. Democracy and human rights in the Charter of the OAS -- 3.4.4.1. The principles upon which the OAS was founded -- 3.4.4.2. The principles of democracy and human rights in the Charter -- 3.4.4.2.1. The travaux préparatoires -- 3.4.4.2.2. The provisions and their interpretation -- 3.4.5. Democracy and human rights after the signing of the OAS Charter -- 3.4.5.1. The Fourth Meeting of Consultation of Ministers of Foreign Affairs (Washington, D.C., March 26-April 7, 1951) -- 3.4.5.2. The Tenth Inter-American Conference (Caracas, Venezuela, March 1-28, 1954) -- 3.4.5.3. The beginning of a new era for the protection of human rights in the Americas -- 3.4.5.3.1. Democracy and the Declaration of Santiago -- 3.4.5.3.2. Human Rights -- 3.5. The Latin American approach: the search for ideological pluralism -- IV THE INTER-AMERICAN SYSTEM FOR THE PROMOTION AND PROTECTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS PRIOR TO THE AMERICAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS -- 4.1. The creation of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights -- 4.1.1. Origins -- 4.1.2. The functions and powers of the original Commission -- 4.1.2.1. Legal basis -- Resolution VIII and the Statute -- 4.1.2.2. The original Commission and individual communications -- the starting point for the broadening of the Commission's powers -- 4.1.2.3. Other activities of the Commission -- 4.2. The broadening of the powers of the Commission at the Second Special Inter-American Conference of 1965 -- 4.2.1. The Conference -- 4.2.2. The new powers of the Commission -- a matter of interpretation -- 4.3. The Commission becomes an organ of the OAS -- the amendment of the OAS Charter -- 4.3.1. The Third Special Inter-American Conference.

general purposes of the amendment -- 4.3.2. The new status of the Inter-American Commission on Human rights -- 4.4. A general view of the system prior to the American Convention on Human Rights -- V THE AMERICAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS -- 5.1. Origins -- 5.2. General contents of the Convention -- 5.2.1. State obligations -- 5.2.2. The rights included in the Convention -- 5.2.3. Restriction of rights -- 5.2.4. Suspension of rights -- 5.2.5. Special rules of interpretation -- 5.2.6. The organs for the promotion and protection of human rights -- 5.3. Ratification or adherence -- 5.4. Reservations -- 5.5. Denunciation -- VI THE INTER-AMERICAN COMMISSION ON HUMAN RIGHTS -- 6.1. The Inter-American Commission on Human Rights in transition -- 6.2. The Inter-American Commission on Human Rights and the legal basis of its powers after the entry into force of the American Convention -- 6.3. Composition and functioning -- 6.4. The promotional function of the Commission -- 6.5. The protective function of the Commission -- 6.5.1. Some general considerations -- 6.5.2. Legal mechanisms at the disposal of the Commission to perform its protective function -- 6.5.2.1. Fact-finding -- 6.5.2.1.1. Request of information -- 6.5.2.1.2. Communications -- 6.5.2.1.3. Hearings -- 6.5.2.1.4. Observations in loco -- 6.5.2.2. Actions that the Commission may take in the performance of its protective function -- 6.5.2.2.1. Recommendations -- 6.5.2.2.2. Good offices and mediation -- 6.5.2.2.3. Publicity -- 6.5.3. The handling of communications under articles 44 through 51 of the American Convention and article 20 of the Commission's Statute -- 6.5.3.1. Active and passive legitimation -- 6.5.3.2. Admissibility -- 6.5.3.3. Further consideration of the case -- 6.5.3.4. Examination of the merits -- friendly settlement -- 6.5.3.5. The decision.

6.5.4. The examination of the general situation of human rights in a country -- the country reports -- 6.6. The annual reports of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights -- VII THE INTER-AMERICAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS -- 7.1. Origins -- 7.2. The position of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights in the inter-American system -- 7.3. Composition and functioning -- 7.4. The Court's jurisdiction -- 7.4.1. Contentious jurisdiction -- 7.4.1.1. Procedural requirements to bring a case before the Court -- 7.4.1.2. Standing to bring a case before the Court -- the parties to the case -- 7.4.1.2.1. The states parties to the Convention -- 7.4.1.2.2. The Commission -- the individual -- 7.4.1.2.3. The parties to the case -- 7.4.1.3. Provisional measures -- a type of contentious jurisdiction -- 7.4.1.4. Initial processing and examination of the case -- 7.4.1.5. Final stage of the proceedings -- 7.4.1.6. Enforcement of the Court's judgment -- 7.4.2. Advisory jurisdiction -- 7.4.2.1. Jurisdiction under article 64(1) of the Convention -- 7.4.2.2. Jurisdiction under article 64(2) of the Convention -- 7.4.2.3. Rules of Procedure concerning the Court's advisory jurisdiction -- 7.4.2.3.1. Rules of Procedure concerning article 64(1) -- 7.4.2.3.2. Rules of Procedure concerning article 64(2) -- VIII THE CASE OF CUBA -- 8.1. Introduction -- 8.2. The first stage: Human rights supervision in Cuba prior to the exclusion of the Cuban government from participation in the inter-American system -- 8.2.1. The Seventh Meeting of Consultation of Ministers of Foreign Affairs (San Jose de Costa Rica, 22-29 August, 1960) -- 8.2.2. The Inter-American Commission on Human Rights -- 8.2.3. The Inter-American Peace Committee (IAPC) -- 8.3. Expulsion of the Cuban government from the inter-American system.

8.3.1. The Eighth Meeting of Consultation of Ministers of Foreign Affairs (Punta del Este, Uruguay, January 22-31, 1962) -- 8.3.2. The importance of the Eighth Meeting of Consultation for human rights -- 8.4. The second stage: Human rights supervision in Cuba after the exclusion of the Cuban government from the inter-American system -- 8.4.1. The political organs of the OAS and Cuba -- the Meetings of Consultation of Ministers of Foreign Affairs and the Permanent Council -- 8.4.2. The Inter-American Commission on Human Rights and its competence with regard to Cuba -- the reaction of the political organs -- 8.4.3. The Commission's activities with regard to Cuba -- 8.4.3.1. Introduction -- 8.4.3.2. The Seventh Report on Cuba -- 8.4.3.2.1. Form and substance -- 8.4.3.2.2. The Report's final conclusions -- 8.4.3.2.3. Subsequent steps -- 8.4.3.3. Last events -- 8.5. Summary -- IX THE CASE OF NICARAGUA -- 9.1. Introduction -- 9.2. The Inter-American Commission on Human Rights and its first steps to supervise the human rights situation in Nicaragua -- 9.3. The awakening of the political will of the OAS -- 9.3.1. Introduction -- 9.3.2. First international tensions -- 9.3.3. Human rights come to the fore -- 9.4. The Commission steps up its activities concerning Nicaragua -- the Report on the Situation of Human Rights in Nicaragua -- 9.4.1. Introduction -- 9.4.2. The observation in loco -- 9.4.2.1. Preliminary activities -- 9.4.2.2. The visit -- 9.4.3. The Nicaraguan Report -- its substance -- 9.4.4. The observations of the Nicaraguan government -- 9.4.5. Further steps -- 9.5. The Seventeenth Meeting of Consultation of Ministers of Foreign Affairs (Washington, D.C., September 21, 1978-June 23, 1979) -- 9.5.1. Introduction -- 9.5.2. The agenda of the Meeting of Consultation -- a conflict of issue (the September meetings).

9.5.3. The Permanent Council as a subsidiary arena for the consideration of the Nicaraguan situation.