From Waste to Value : : Valorisation Pathways for Organic Waste Streams in Circular Bioeconomies.

• Superior document: Routledge Studies in Waste Management and Policy Series
• Author: Klitkou, Antje.
• TeilnehmendeR: Fevolden, Arne Martin.; Capasso, Marco.
• Place / Publishing House: Milton : : Taylor & Francis Group,, 2019.; ©2019.
• Year of Publication: 2019
• Edition: 1st ed.
• Language: English
• Series: Routledge Studies in Waste Management and Policy Series
• Physical Description: 1 online resource (327 pages)

Table of Contents

Cover -- Half-Title Page -- Series Page -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- List of figures -- List of tables -- Notes on contributors -- Acknowledgements -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Framework -- 1.1.1 Background -- 1.1.2 Defining the concepts - waste valorisation, circularity, sustainable business models and the bioeconomy -- 1.1.3 Methodological approaches -- 1.2 Important themes addressed in the book -- 1.2.1 Circularity across established sectors -- 1.2.2 Regional embedding and geographies of innovation -- 1.2.3 Resource ownership and interfirm governance structures -- 1.2.4 Policy and regulation of waste valorisation -- 1.3 An overview of the book -- References -- Part I: Perspectives on the bioeconomy -- 2 What is the bioeconomy? -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Methodology -- 2.2.1 Bibliometric analysis -- 2.2.2 Literature review -- 2.3 Bibliometric analysis of scientific literature on the bioeconomy -- 2.4 Bioeconomy visions -- 2.4.1 The bio-technologyvision -- 2.4.2 The bio-resourcevision -- 2.4.3 The bio-ecologyvision -- 2.5 Findings and concluding remarks -- Appendix A -- Appendix B -- Appendix C -- Note -- References -- 3 Theoretical perspectives on innovation for waste valorisation in the bioeconomy -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 The circular bioeconomy -- 3.3 The roles of waste in the bioeconomy -- 3.4 Path dependence and barriers to waste valorisation -- 3.4.1 Path dependence -- 3.4.2 Lock-inmechanisms -- 3.5 Drivers of innovation in waste valorisation -- 3.6 Governance for waste valorisation -- 3.6.1 Directionality through international regulations -- 3.6.2 Directionality through national regulations -- 3.6.3 Directionality through industrial practices -- 3.7 Summary -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Part II: Sector studies -- 4 New path development for forest-based value creation in Norway -- 4.1 Introduction.

4.2 Forest-based value creation with a focus on the valorisation of side-streams and residues -- Manufacturing of wooden construction materials and furniture -- Bioenergy production -- Manufacturing of pulp and paper -- Storage and transport of residues -- 4.3 Conceptual framework -- 4.4 Analysis of empirical cases -- 4.4.1 Norske Skog Skogn at Fiborgtangen, Trøndelag -- 4.4.2 Treklyngen in Hønefoss, Buskerud -- 4.4.3 Borregaard in Sarpsborg -- 4.5 Conclusion -- Note -- References -- 5 Mission-oriented innovation in urban governance: setting and solving problems in waste valorisation -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Conceptual framework -- 5.2.1 Mission-orientedinnovation -- 5.2.2 The waste hierarchy and different treatment options for organic waste -- 5.2.3 Valorisation of waste - importance of problem setting -- 5.3 Research methods and data -- 5.4 Valorisation of urban organic waste: the case of Oslo -- 5.5 Analysis: urban waste valorisation as a mission -- 5.5.1 What is the mission given - and to whom? -- 5.5.2 How are missions defined? From problem solving to problem setting -- 5.6 Conclusions -- Note -- References -- 6 Beyond animal feed? The valorisation of brewers' spent grain -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Value creation and sustainable competitive advantage -- 6.3 Methods -- 6.4 Technical options for spent grain use -- 6.5 Overview of current spent grain management -- 6.6 Why don't the breweries invest in alternative options? -- 6.6.1 Current activities -- 6.6.2 Opportunities -- 6.6.3 Barriers -- 6.6.4 Involvement in research and development projects -- 6.7 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 7 Meat processing and animal by-products: industrial dynamics and institutional settings -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Theoretical background and approach -- 7.3 The meat processing and ABP industry -- 7.3.1 Potential value of ABP.

7.4 The meat processing and ABP sector -- 7.4.1 Denmark -- 7.4.2 Norway -- 7.5 Regulation of the meat processing and ABP industry -- 7.5.1 Mad cow disease and EU-regulations -- 7.5.2 Market regulations: novel food products and trade barriers -- 7.6 Change in innovative behaviour -- 7.7 Regulative adjustments -- 7.8 Conclusion -- References -- 8 New pathways for organic waste in land-based farming of salmon: the case of Norway and Denmark -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Background -- 8.2.1 Aquaculture trends -- 8.2.2 Salmon production -- 8.2.3 Organic waste in salmon production -- 8.2.4 Environmental regulation and historical innovation in salmon production -- 8.3 Methodology -- 8.4 Findings -- 8.4.1 Current utilisation -- Soil improvement -- Replacement of fossil fuel (biogas) -- Combustible material for heating -- 8.4.2 Challenges with current system -- Waste volumes are expected to increase -- Transport -- Immature technology -- 8.5 Analysis -- 8.5.1 Barriers for new pathways -- Lack of available technology -- Economic priorities -- Resistance to go into new business areas -- Patchwork regulation -- Lack of collaboration -- Co-locationissues -- 8.5.2 Socio-technicaltransition -- Actors -- Capabilities -- Networks -- Infrastructures -- Institutions -- 8.6 Conclusion -- 8.6.1 Overcoming the barriers: key actors -- 8.6.2 Impetus for future waste valorisation pathways -- Notes -- References -- 9 Valorisation of whey: a tale of two Nordic dairies -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Properties and uses of acid whey -- 9.2.1 The properties and composition of acid whey -- 9.2.2 Utilisation of acid whey -- Animal feed -- Biogas -- Bakery -- Whey beverages -- Nutritional products -- Nutrilac® -- 9.2.3 Innovation, commercialisation and technological requirements -- 9.3 The dairy sector in Norway -- 9.3.1 TINE in Norway -- 9.3.2 Utilisation of acid whey in Norway.

9.3.3 Utilisation of sweet whey in Norway -- 9.4 The dairy sector in Denmark -- 9.4.1 Arla Foods -- 9.4.2 Utilisation of acid whey in Denmark -- 9.4.3 Utilisation of sweet whey in Denmark -- 9.5 Discussion -- 9.5.1 Drivers of whey valorisation -- 9.5.2 The sustainability of different valorisation pathways -- 9.6 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Part III: Cross-sectoral perspectives -- 10 What knowledge does the bioeconomy build upon? -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Background -- 10.2.1 Knowledge and the bioeconomy -- 10.3 Approach -- 10.3.1 CVs as an analytic lens -- 10.3.2 Data -- 10.3.2.1 Project data -- 10.3.2.2 Researcher data -- 10.4 Empirical findings -- 10.4.1 Organisations and organisational capital -- 10.4.1.1 Norwegian partner entities -- 10.5 Human capital and researchers -- 10.5.1 Researchers -- 10.5.2 Field of science -- 10.5.3 Sectors and seniority -- 10.6 Concluding discussion -- 10.6.1 Limitations -- 10.6.2 Future paths of research -- References -- 11 Actors and innovators in the circular bioeconomy: an integrated empirical approach to studying organic waste stream innovators -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Background -- 11.3 Empirical sections -- 11.3.1 Baseline: R&amp -- D activity in the circular bioeconomy -- 11.3.2 Population frame: establishing the NIoBE inventory of active bioeconomy actors -- 11.3.2.1 Identification strategy of the Norwegian Inventory of Bioeconomy Entities (NIoBE) -- 11.3.2.1.1 Confirmation by activity -- 11.3.2.1.2 Confirmation by existing studies -- 11.3.2.1.3 Confirmation by asociation -- 11.3.2.2 The Norwegian Inventory of Bioeconomy Entities (NIoBE) -- 11.3.3 Mapping of innovation in the Norwegian circular economy -- 11.3.3.1 Approach and population -- 11.3.3.2 Results -- 11.4 Preliminary conclusions -- Note -- References -- Part IV: Policy implications.

12 Directionality and diversity: contending policy rationales in the transition towards the bioeconomy -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Conceptual framework -- 12.2.1 Contending visions on the bioeconomy -- 12.3 Materials and methods -- 12.4 Background -- 12.5 Findings -- 12.6 Conclusions and reflections -- References -- 13 Multi-level governance of food waste: comparing Norway, Denmark and Sweden -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Theoretical approach and method -- 13.3 Background -- 13.3.1 Definitions -- 13.3.2 Food waste hierarchy -- 13.3.3 Comparative food waste assessments in Scandinavia -- 13.4 Analysis -- 13.4.1 Food waste governance in Norway -- 13.4.2 Food waste governance in Sweden -- 13.4.3 Food waste governance in Denmark -- 13.4.4 Comparative analysis of governance pathways -- 13.4.5 Comparative analysis from a multi-levelgovernance perspective -- 13.5 Conclusions and policy implications -- Notes -- References -- 14 Life cycle assessment: a governance tool for transition towards a circular bioeconomy? -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Life cycle assessment as results -- 14.2.1 Being good from just performing life cycle assessment -- 14.2.2 Product benchmarking -- 14.2.3 Detailed insights from life cycle assessment as results -- 14.3 Life cycle assessment as method -- 14.3.1 The functional unit -- 14.3.2 Comparability and standardisation -- 14.3.3 Different life cycle assessments for stable systems and systems in change -- 14.3.4 Dividing impacts on several inputs or outputs -- 14.3.5 What data and data for what? -- 14.3.6 From environment-onlyto "holistic" sustainability -- 14.4 Life cycle assessment as a mindset -- 14.4.1 Life cycle thinking and industrial ecology -- 14.4.2 Time, space and connectedness -- 14.4.3 Circularity -- 14.5 The different dimensions of life cycle assessment used in governance -- 14.5.1 Cross-sectoralpolicy development.

14.5.2 Pitfalls and possibilities.