Improving Potassium Recommendations for Agricultural Crops.

Improving Potassium Recommendations for Agricultural Crops.

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Bibliographic Details
:
Murrell, T. Scott.
TeilnehmendeR:
Mikkelsen, Robert L.
Sulewski, Gavin.
Norton, Robert.
Thompson, Michael L.
Place / Publishing House:Cham : : Springer International Publishing AG,, 2020.
©2021.
Year of Publication:2020
Edition:1st ed.
Language:English
Online Access:
Physical Description:1 online resource (466 pages)
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Table of Contents:
  • Intro
  • Foreword
  • Acknowledgments
  • Contents
  • Editors and Contributors
  • Abbreviations
  • Chapter 1: The Potassium Cycle and Its Relationship to Recommendation Development
  • 1.1 Overview of the Potassium Cycle
  • 1.2 Philosophy of a Potassium Recommendation
  • 1.3 Challenges with Common Potassium Recommendation Terminology
  • 1.4 Considerations for Recommendations Derived from the Mass Balance Approach to the Potassium Cycle
  • 1.4.1 Exploring and Characterizing KPlant: Understood and Easily Assessed?
  • 1.4.2 Exploring and Characterizing KSoil: Was Bray Right?
  • 1.4.3 Exploring and Characterizing KFert and EFert: Important but Generally Overlooked?
  • 1.4.4 Potassium Recommendations Without Soil Tests
  • 1.4.4.1 Recommendations Based on Nutrient Removal
  • 1.4.4.2 Recommendations Based on Plant Nutrient Uptake and Yield
  • 1.5 Diagnostics Development: The Undelivered Promise of ``Big Data ́́-- 1.5.1 Data Limitations: Historic and Current
  • 1.6 Opportunities Moving Forward
  • 1.6.1 Mechanistic Modeling
  • 1.6.2 Knowledge Gaps
  • 1.6.3 Tools and Strategies, Data, and e-Infrastructure
  • 1.6.3.1 Underutilized Data Sources with Potential
  • 1.6.3.2 FAIR Data
  • 1.6.3.3 Repositories and Data Publications, Catalogues, Registries, Knowledgebases
  • References
  • Chapter 2: Inputs: Potassium Sources for Agricultural Systems
  • 2.1 Overview of Potassium Inputs
  • 2.2 Atmospheric Deposition
  • 2.3 Irrigation Water
  • 2.4 Runoff and Erosion
  • 2.5 Seeds, Cuttings, Transplants, and Residues
  • 2.6 Organic Fertilizer
  • 2.7 Commercial Fertilizer
  • 2.7.1 Resources and Reserves
  • 2.7.2 Materials and Use
  • 2.7.2.1 Potassium Chloride (MOP)
  • 2.7.2.2 Potassium Sulfate (SOP)
  • 2.7.2.3 Potassium Nitrate (NOP)
  • 2.7.2.4 Potassium Thiosulfate (KTS)
  • 2.7.2.5 Langbeinite (SOPM)
  • 2.7.2.6 Polyhalite
  • 2.7.2.7 Potassium Hydroxide (KOH).
  • 2.7.2.8 Potassium Phosphate
  • 2.7.2.9 Mineral/Silicate K
  • 2.7.2.10 Other Potassium Sources
  • 2.7.3 Forms of Potassium Fertilizer
  • 2.7.3.1 Bulk Blends
  • 2.7.3.2 Complex (Compound) Granules
  • 2.7.3.3 Fluid Fertilizers
  • 2.7.4 Potassium for Fertigation
  • 2.7.5 Salt Index
  • 2.7.6 Chloride Considerations
  • 2.7.7 Foliar Potassium Nutrition
  • 2.8 Summary
  • References
  • Chapter 3: Outputs: Potassium Losses from Agricultural Systems
  • 3.1 Removal in Harvested Crops
  • 3.1.1 Whole-Plant Removal
  • 3.2 Erosion
  • 3.2.1 Water Erosion
  • 3.2.2 Wind Erosion
  • 3.3 Leaching
  • 3.4 Modeling Potassium Losses
  • 3.4.1 Conceptual Model of Leaching
  • 3.4.2 EPIC
  • 3.4.3 KLEACH
  • 3.4.4 NUTMON
  • 3.4.5 SVMLEACH-NK POTATO
  • 3.4.6 SWAT-K
  • 3.5 Open Burning
  • 3.6 Considerations for Potassium Recommendations
  • 3.7 Conclusions
  • References
  • Chapter 4: Rhizosphere Processes and Root Traits Determining the Acquisition of Soil Potassium
  • 4.1 Soil Properties and Processes Determining the Acquisition of Potassium by Plants
  • 4.1.1 Potassium Mobility: Mass Flow Versus Diffusion in the Rhizosphere
  • 4.1.2 Potassium Availability and Bioavailability: Exchangeable Versus Nonexchangeable Pools in the Rhizosphere
  • 4.1.3 Soil Profile Distribution: Topsoil Versus Subsoil Potassium Availability and Bioavailability
  • 4.2 Root Morphological Traits Determining the Acquisition of Potassium by Plants
  • 4.2.1 Root System Architecture and Plasticity
  • 4.2.2 Root Length and Growth
  • 4.2.3 Root Hairs and Mycorrhizae
  • 4.3 Root Physiological Traits Determining the Acquisition of Potassium by Plants
  • 4.3.1 Traits Related to Potassium Uptake and Depletion in the Rhizosphere
  • 4.3.2 Traits Related to pH Modification in the Rhizosphere
  • 4.3.3 Traits Related to Exudates in the Rhizosphere
  • 4.4 Summary and Conclusions
  • References.
  • Chapter 5: Potassium Use Efficiency of Plants
  • 5.1 Metrics of Potassium Use Efficiency and Their Relationships
  • 5.2 Differences in Potassium Uptake and Utilization Between Plant Species
  • 5.2.1 Differences in KUpE Between Plant Species
  • 5.2.1.1 Kinetics of Potassium Uptake
  • 5.2.1.2 Root System Investment and Architecture
  • 5.2.1.3 Rhizosphere Acidification and Root Exudates
  • 5.2.2 Differences in KUtE Between Plant Species
  • 5.3 Differences in Potassium Uptake and Utilization Within Crop Species
  • 5.3.1 Differences in KUpE Within Plant Species
  • 5.3.1.1 Kinetics of Potassium Uptake
  • 5.3.1.2 Root System Investment and Architecture
  • 5.3.1.3 Root Exudates
  • 5.3.2 Differences in KUtE Within Crop Species
  • 5.3.2.1 Partitioning of Potassium Within the Cell and Its Substitution with Other Ions
  • 5.3.2.2 Partitioning and Redistribution of Potassium Within the Plant
  • 5.3.2.3 Partitioning of Resources into the Economic Product
  • 5.4 Breeding Crops for Greater Agronomic Potassium Use Efficiency
  • 5.5 Conclusions
  • References
  • Chapter 6: Considerations for Unharvested Plant Potassium
  • 6.1 The Crop Canopy as a Source of Potassium
  • 6.2 Potential of Potassium Cycling by Crops and Cover Crops
  • 6.3 Synchrony of Potassium Availability in Cropping Systems
  • 6.4 Residue Potassium as a Means of Reducing Potassium Losses from the System
  • 6.5 Potassium from Agro-Industrial Residues
  • 6.6 Fertilizer Recommendations and Potassium Cycling
  • 6.6.1 Modeling Potassium Release from Residues
  • 6.6.2 Implications for Timing of Soil Sampling
  • 6.7 Conclusion
  • References
  • Chapter 7: Considering Soil Potassium Pools with Dissimilar Plant Availability
  • 7.1 Introduction
  • 7.2 Solution Potassium and Potassium Activity
  • 7.3 Surface-Adsorbed Potassium
  • 7.4 Interlayer K in Micas and Partially Weathered Micas.
  • 7.5 Interlayer Potassium in Secondary Layer Silicates
  • 7.6 Structural Potassium in Feldspar and Feldspathoids
  • 7.7 Neoformed Potassium Minerals
  • 7.8 Fixation and Release of Interlayer Potassium
  • 7.8.1 Contractive and Expansive Forces
  • 7.8.2 Factors Affecting Potassium Fixation and Release
  • 7.9 Interpreting ``Exchangeable Potassium ́́-- 7.10 Mineral Transformations
  • 7.10.1 Reversible Changes in Interlayer Potassium
  • 7.10.2 Implications for Building and Depleting Soil Fertility
  • 7.11 Short-Term Transformations in the Rhizosphere
  • 7.12 Nonexchangeable Potassium as a Functional Pool
  • 7.13 Classifying Soils According to Their Potassium Behavior
  • 7.14 Lessons Learned from Long-Term Experiments
  • 7.15 Prognosis
  • References
  • Chapter 8: Using Soil Tests to Evaluate Plant Availability of Potassium in Soils
  • 8.1 Sample Collection and Preparation
  • 8.1.1 Vertical Stratification
  • 8.1.2 Spatial Heterogeneity in Response to Agronomic Management
  • 8.1.3 Sample Drying and Handling
  • 8.2 What Are the Forms of Potassium in Soil?
  • 8.3 How Is Potassium Released from Different Solid-Phase Forms?
  • 8.3.1 Potassium in Fertilizer and Crop Residues
  • 8.3.2 Surface-Adsorbed (Exchangeable) Potassium
  • 8.3.3 Chemical Weathering
  • 8.4 How Do Soil Tests Assess Plant-Available Potassium?
  • 8.4.1 Soil-Test Development
  • 8.4.2 Soil Tests for Assessing Soil Solution Potassium
  • 8.4.3 Soil Tests for Assessing Surface-Adsorbed Potassium
  • 8.4.4 Soil Tests for Dissolving Interlayer/Structural Potassium
  • 8.4.5 Soil Tests that Combine Multiple Mechanisms of Potassium Dissolution
  • 8.4.6 Soil Tests for Assessing the Rate of Solution Potassium Replenishment
  • 8.5 Difficulties Relating Soil Test Potassium to Crop Acquisition
  • 8.5.1 Rates of Resupply to Potassium-Depleted Zones Around Active Roots.
  • 8.5.2 Root System Architectures and Their Interaction with Soil Moisture
  • 8.5.3 Variation in Root System Attributes that Allow Plants to Exploit Different Potassium Pools
  • 8.5.4 Specificity of Soil Test Potassium-Crop Response Relationships and the Role of Trial Databases
  • 8.6 Lessons Learned from Long-Term Experiments
  • 8.7 Concluding Remarks
  • References
  • Chapter 9: Evaluating Plant Potassium Status
  • 9.1 Visual Symptoms of Potassium Deficiency
  • 9.2 Light Reflectance
  • 9.3 Plant Tissue Chemical Content
  • 9.3.1 Sufficiency Ranges (SR)
  • 9.3.2 Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS)
  • 9.3.2.1 DRIS Chart
  • 9.3.2.2 DRIS Indexes
  • 9.3.3 The Modified DRIS System (M-DRIS)
  • 9.3.4 Plant Analysis with Standardized Scores (PASS)
  • 9.3.5 Compositional Nutrient Diagnosis (CND)
  • 9.3.5.1 CND-clr
  • 9.3.5.2 CND-ilr
  • 9.3.6 Multiple Regression Approaches
  • 9.3.7 Metabolite Profiles
  • 9.3.8 Potassium Content in Plant Sap
  • 9.4 Conclusions
  • References
  • Chapter 10: How Closely Is Potassium Mass Balance Related to Soil Test Changes?
  • 10.1 Introduction
  • 10.2 The Mass-Balance Approach
  • 10.3 Temporal Nature of K Soil Test Values
  • 10.4 Crop Residue Recycling in K Mass-Balance Considerations
  • 10.5 Clay Chemistry and K Response
  • 10.6 Relative Unresponsiveness in K Removal in Harvested Grain, Despite Wide Variability in Crop K Status and Responsiveness t...
  • 10.7 Potassium Losses Due to Erosion from Wind and Water
  • 10.8 Summary
  • References
  • Chapter 11: Assessing Potassium Mass Balances in Different Countries and Scales
  • 11.1 Concepts of Soil Nutrient Balance
  • 11.1.1 Potassium Removal and Use for Different Cropping Systems and Geopolitical Boundaries
  • 11.1.2 Metrics for Nutrient Use Efficiency
  • 11.1.3 Uncertainties in Estimating Nutrient Balances
  • 11.1.4 Interpreting Nutrient Balance Information.
  • 11.2 Australia.

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