Ecological Risk Assessment for Chlorpyrifos in Terrestrial and Aquatic Systems in the United States.

• Superior document: Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology Series ; v.231
• Author: Giesy, John P.
• TeilnehmendeR: Solomon, Keith R.
• Place / Publishing House: Cham : : Springer International Publishing AG,, 2014.; ©2014.
• Year of Publication: 2014
• Edition: 1st ed.
• Language: English
• Series: Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology Series
• Physical Description: 1 online resource (282 pages)

Table of Contents

• Intro
• Special Foreword
• Foreword
• Preface
• Contents
• Ecological Risk Assessment of the Uses of the Organophosphorus Insecticide Chlorpyrifos, in the United States
• 1 Introduction
• 2 Uses and Properties of Chlorpyrifos
• 3 Fate of Chlorpyrifos and Its Oxon in the Atmosphere and Long-Range Transport
• 4 Chlorpyrifos in Surface Water
• 5 Risks of Chlorpyrifos to Aquatic Organisms
• 6 Risks of Chlorpyrifos to Birds
• 7 Risks to Pollinators
• References
• Properties and Uses of Chlorpyrifos in the United States
• 1 Introduction
• 2 Physical and Chemical Properties of Chlorpyrifos
• 2.1 Properties Affecting Fate in Air and Long-Range Transport
• 2.2 Properties Affecting Fate in Soil, Water, and Sediment
• 3 Toxicity of CPY
• 3.1 Mechanism of Action
• 3.2 Interactions with Other Pesticides
• 4 Use of Chlorpyrifos and Its Formulations
• 4.1 Formulations of Chlorpyrifos
• 4.2 Environmental Precautions
• 4.3 Use of Chlorpyrifos in U.S. Field Crops
• 4.4 Timing of the Use of Chlorpyrifos
• 5 Summary
• References
• Fate in the Environment and Long-Range Atmospheric Transport of the Organophosphorus Insecticide, Chlorpyrifos and Its Oxon
• 1 Introduction
• 2 Fate in the Atmosphere and Long-Range Transport
• 2.1 Chlorpyrifos and Chlorpyrifos-Oxon
• 2.2 Model of Long Range Transport and Characteristic Travel Distance
• 2.3 Formation and Fate of Chlorpyrifos-Oxon
• 2.4 Long-Range Atmospheric Transport of Chlorpyrifos and Its Oxon
• 3 Fate in Water
• 4 Fate in Soils and Sediments
• 5 Fate in Organisms
• 6 Assessment of Chlorpyrifos as a POP or PBT
• 7 Summary
• References
• Exposures of Aquatic Organisms to the Organophosphorus Insecticide, Chlorpyrifos Resulting from Use in the United States
• 1 Introduction
• 1.1 Distribution of Use of Chlorpyrifos
• 1.2 Environmental Fate Properties.
• 2 Measurements of Chlorpyrifos in Aquatic Environments
• 2.1 Chlorpyrifos in Surface Water
• 2.2 Chlorpyrifos in Sediment
• 2.3 Chlorpyrifos Marine Monitoring Data
• 2.4 Occurrence of Chlorpyrifos Oxon
• 2.5 Exposures in Relation to Changes in Use-Pattern
• 3 Modeling of Chlorpyrifos in Aquatic Environments
• 3.1 Selection and Justification of the Models
• 3.2 Chemical Input Parameter Values, Source, and Rationale
• 3.3 Selection of Exposure Scenarios
• 3.4 Watershed Scenarios
• 4 Discussion
• 5 Summary
• References
• Risks to Aquatic Organisms from Use of Chlorpyrifos in the United States
• 1 Introduction
• 2 Problem Formulation for Risk Assessment
• 2.1 Exposures to Chlorpyrifos
• 2.2 Toxicity of Chlorpyrifos
• 2.2.1 Sublethal Effects on Aquatic Animals
• 2.2.2 Toxicity of CPY and Temporality of Exposures
• 2.3 Protection Goals and Assessment Endpoints
• 2.4 Conceptual Models of Effects
• 2.5 Analysis Plan
• 3 Characterization of Effects
• 3.1 Evaluation and Selection of Data
• 3.2 Species Sensitivity Distributions
• 3.3 Ecotoxicological Profiles by Taxon
• 3.4 Evidence from Microcosms and Mesocosms
• 3.5 Reports of Field Incidents in U.S. Surface Waters
• 4 Characterization of Risks
• 4.1 Risks from Measured Exposures
• 4.2 Risks from Modeled Exposures to CPY
• 5 Conclusions
• 6 Summary
• References
• Refined Avian Risk Assessment for Chlorpyrifos in the United States
• 1 Introduction
• 2 Problem Formulation
• 2.1 Patterns of Use
• 2.2 Formulations
• 2.3 Metabolites of CPY in the Environment
• 2.4 Routes of Exposure for Birds in Terrestrial Environments
• 2.5 Toxicity and Mode of Action
• 2.6 Conceptual Model
• 2.7 Focal Species
• 2.8 Exposure Scenarios
• 2.9 Analysis Plan
• 3 Exposure Assessment for Flowable Chlorpyrifos
• 3.1 Rationale for Developing LiquidPARAM.
• 3.2 Description of the Structure of the LiquidPARAM Model
• 4 Exposure Assessment for Granular Chlorpyrifos
• 5 Effects Assessment
• 5.1 Acute Toxicity Studies
• 5.2 Chronic Toxicity Studies
• 5.3 Derivation of Effects Metrics
• 5.4 Influence of Dietary Matrix on Acute Toxicity
• 5.5 Chronic NOEL and LOEL
• 6 Risk Characterization for Flowable Chlorpyrifos
• 6.1 Modeled Acute Risks from Flowable CPY
• 6.2 Modeled Chronic Risks from Flowable CPY
• 6.3 Results of Field Studies for Flowable CPY
• 6.4 Discussion of Avian Risks for Flowable CPY
• 6.5 Strengths of the Refined Risk Assessment for Flowable CPY
• 6.6 Uncertainties of the Refined Risk Assessment for Flowable CPY
• 7 Risk Characterization for Granular Chlorpyrifos
• 7.1 Modeled Acute Risks from Granular CPY
• 7.2 Results of Field Studies for Granular CPY
• 7.3 Strengths of the Refined Assessment for Granular CPY
• 7.4 Uncertainties in the Refined Risk Assessment for Granular CPY
• 8 Summary
• References
• Risk to Pollinators from the Use of Chlorpyrifos in the United States
• 1 Introduction
• 2 Problem Formulation
• 2.1 Use Patterns of Chlorpyrifos: Pollinator Considerations
• 2.2 Scope of the Assessment
• 2.3 Conceptual Model
• 2.4 Endpoints
• 2.5 Sources of Information
• 2.6 Risk Assessment Approach
• 3 Characterization of Exposures
• 3.1 General Physical and Chemical Properties and Fate
• 3.2 General Fate in Insects
• 3.3 Tier-1 Characterizations of Exposure
• 3.4 Tier-2 Characterization of Exposure
• 3.5 Other Potential Routes of Exposure
• 4 Toxicity of CPY to Pollinators
• 4.1 Tier-1 Tests of Effects
• 4.2 Tier-2 Tests of Effects
• 4.3 Tier-3 Field Tests
• 4.4 Other Studies on the Effects of CPY
• 5 Characterization of Risk of CPY to Pollinators
• 5.1 Estimates of Risk to Honey Bees
• 5.2 Estimates of Risk to Non-Apis Pollinators.
• 5.3 Strengths and Uncertainties
• 6 Summary
• References
• Index.