Ambisonics : : A Practical 3D Audio Theory for Recording, Studio Production, Sound Reinforcement, and Virtual Reality.

• Superior document: Springer Topics in Signal Processing Series ; v.19
• Author: Zotter, Franz.
• TeilnehmendeR: Frank, Matthias.
• Place / Publishing House: Cham : : Springer International Publishing AG,, 2019.; ©2019.
• Year of Publication: 2019
• Edition: 1st ed.
• Language: English
• Series: Springer Topics in Signal Processing Series
• Physical Description: 1 online resource (223 pages)

Table of Contents

Intro -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Outline -- Contents -- 1 XY, MS, and First-Order Ambisonics -- 1.1 Blumlein Pair: XY Recording and Playback -- 1.2 MS Recording and Playback -- 1.3 First-Order Ambisonics (FOA) -- 1.3.1 2D First-Order Ambisonic Recording and Playback -- 1.3.2 3D First-Order Ambisonic Recording and Playback -- 1.4 Practical Free-Software Examples -- 1.4.1 Pd with Iemmatrix, Iemlib, and Zexy -- 1.4.2 Ambix VST Plugins -- 1.5 Motivation of Higher-Order Ambisonics -- References -- 2 Auditory Events of Multi-loudspeaker Playback -- 2.1 Loudness -- 2.2 Direction -- 2.2.1 Time Differences on Frontal, Horizontal Loudspeaker Pair -- 2.2.2 Level Differences on Frontal, Horizontal Loudspeaker Pair -- 2.2.3 Level Differences on Horizontally Surrounding Pairs -- 2.2.4 Level Differences on Frontal, Horizontal to Vertical Pairs -- 2.2.5 Vector Models for Horizontal Loudspeaker Pairs -- 2.2.6 Level Differences on Frontal Loudspeaker Triangles -- 2.2.7 Level Differences on Frontal Loudspeaker Rectangles -- 2.2.8 Vector Model for More than 2 Loudspeakers -- 2.2.9 Vector Model for Off-Center Listening Positions -- 2.3 Width -- 2.3.1 Model of the Perceived Width -- 2.4 Coloration -- 2.5 Open Listening Experiment Data -- References -- 3 Amplitude Panning Using Vector Bases -- 3.1 Vector-Base Amplitude Panning (VBAP) -- 3.2 Multiple-Direction Amplitude Panning (MDAP) -- 3.3 Challenges in 3D Triangulation: Imaginary Loudspeaker Insertion and Downmix -- 3.4 Practical Free-Software Examples -- 3.4.1 VBAP/MDAP Object for Pd -- 3.4.2 SPARTA Panner Plugin -- References -- 4 Ambisonic Amplitude Panning and Decoding in Higher Orders -- 4.1 Direction Spread in First-Order 2D Ambisonics -- 4.2 Higher-Order Polynomials and Harmonics -- 4.3 Angular/Directional Harmonics in 2D and 3D -- 4.4 Panning with Circular Harmonics in 2D.

4.5 Ambisonics Encoding and Optimal Decoding in 2D -- 4.6 Listening Experiments on 2D Ambisonics -- 4.7 Panning with Spherical Harmonics in 3D -- 4.8 Ambisonic Encoding and Optimal Decoding in 3D -- 4.9 Ambisonic Decoding to Loudspeakers -- 4.9.1 Sampling Ambisonic Decoder (SAD) -- 4.9.2 Mode Matching Decoder (MAD) -- 4.9.3 Energy Preservation on Optimal Layouts -- 4.9.4 Loudness Deficiencies on Sub-optimal Layouts -- 4.9.5 Energy-Preserving Ambisonic Decoder (EPAD) -- 4.9.6 All-Round Ambisonic Decoding (AllRAD) -- 4.9.7 EPAD and AllRAD on Sub-optimal Layouts -- 4.9.8 Decoding to Hemispherical 3D Loudspeaker Layouts -- 4.10 Practical Studio/Sound Reinforcement Application Examples -- 4.11 Ambisonic Decoding to Headphones -- 4.11.1 High-Frequency Time-Aligned Binaural Decoding (TAC) -- 4.11.2 Magnitude Least Squares (MagLS) -- 4.11.3 Diffuse-Field Covariance Constraint -- 4.12 Practical Free-Software Examples -- 4.12.1 Pd and Circular/Spherical Harmonics -- 4.12.2 Ambix Encoder, IEM MultiEncoder, and IEM AllRADecoder -- 4.12.3 Reaper, IEM RoomEncoder, and IEM BinauralDecoder -- References -- 5 Signal Flow and Effects in Ambisonic Productions -- 5.1 Embedding of Channel-Based, Spot-Microphone, and First-Order Recordings -- 5.2 Frequency-Independent Ambisonic Effects -- 5.2.1 Mirror -- 5.2.2 3D Rotation -- 5.2.3 Directional Level Modification/Windowing -- 5.2.4 Warping -- 5.3 Parametric Equalization -- 5.4 Dynamic Processing/Compression -- 5.5 Widening (Distance/Diffuseness/Early Lateral Reflections) -- 5.6 Feedback Delay Networks for Diffuse Reverberation -- 5.7 Reverberation by Measured Room Impulse Responses and Spatial Decomposition Method in Ambisonics -- 5.8 Resolution Enhancement: DirAC, HARPEX, COMPASS -- 5.9 Practical Free-Software Examples -- 5.9.1 IEM, ambix, and mcfx Plug-In Suites -- 5.9.2 Aalto SPARTA -- 5.9.3 Røde -- References.

6 Higher-Order Ambisonic Microphones and the Wave Equation (Linear, Lossless) -- 6.1 Equation of Compression -- 6.2 Equation of Motion -- 6.3 Wave Equation -- 6.3.1 Elementary Inhomogeneous Solution: Green's Function (Free Field) -- 6.4 Basis Solutions in Spherical Coordinates -- 6.5 Scattering by Rigid Higher-Order Microphone Surface -- 6.6 Higher-Order Microphone Array Encoding -- 6.7 Discrete Sound Pressure Samples in Spherical Harmonics -- 6.8 Regularizing Filter Bank for Radial Filters -- 6.9 Loudness-Normalized Sub-band Side-Lobe Suppression -- 6.10 Influence of Gain Matching, Noise, Side-Lobe Suppression -- 6.11 Practical Free-Software Examples -- 6.11.1 Eigenmike Em32 Encoding Using Mcfx and IEM Plug-In Suites -- 6.11.2 SPARTA Array2SH -- References -- 7 Compact Spherical Loudspeaker Arrays -- 7.1 Auditory Events of Ambisonically Controlled Directivity -- 7.1.1 Perceived Distance -- 7.1.2 Perceived Direction -- 7.2 First-Order Compact Loudspeaker Arrays and Cubes -- 7.3 Higher-Order Compact Spherical Loudspeaker Arrays and IKO -- 7.3.1 Directivity Control -- 7.3.2 Control System and Verification Based on Measurements -- 7.4 Auditory Objects of the IKO -- 7.4.1 Static Auditory Objects -- 7.4.2 Moving Auditory Objects -- 7.5 Practical Free-Software Examples -- 7.5.1 IEM Room Encoder and Directivity Shaper -- 7.5.2 IEM Cubes 5.1 Player and Surround with Depth -- 7.5.3 IKO -- References -- Appendix -- A.1 Harmonic Functions -- A.2 Laplacian in Orthogonal Coordinates -- A.3 Laplacian in Spherical Coordinates -- A.3.1 The Radial Part -- A.3.2 The Azimuthal Part -- A.3.3 The Zenithal Part -- A.3.4 Azimuthal Solution in 2D and 3D -- A.3.5 Towards Spherical Harmonics (3D) -- A.3.6 Zenithal Solution: Associated Legendre Differential Equation -- A.3.7 Spherical Harmonics -- A.4 Encoding to SH and Decoding to SH.

A.5 Covariance Constraint for Binaural Ambisonic Decoding -- A.6 Physics of the Helmholtz Equation -- A.6.1 Adiabatic Compression -- A.6.2 Potential and Kinetic Sound Energies, Intensity, Diffuseness -- A.6.3 Green's Function in 3 Cartesian Dimensions -- A.6.4 Radial Solution of the Helmholtz Equation -- A.6.5 Green's Function in Spherical Solutions, Angular Distributions, Plane Waves -- A.7 Sine and Tangent Law -- References.