Quarrying in Western Norway : : an archaeological study of production and distribution in the Viking period and Middle Ages / / Irene Baug.

• VerfasserIn: Baug, Irene,
• Place / Publishing House: Oxford : : Archaeopress,, [2015]; ©2015
• Year of Publication: 2015
• Edition: 1st ed.
• Language: English
• Physical Description: 1 online resource (188 pages)

The theme of this study is the large-scale exploitation of different stone products that took place in Norway during the Viking Age and the Middle Ages (c. AD 800-1500).

Table of Contents

Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- List of Figures -- Acknowledgments -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Scope and objectives -- 1.2 Geological conditions in Hyllestad -- 1.3 Geological conditions in Ølve/Hatlestrand -- 1.4 The investigation areas -- 1.4.1 The Hyllestad quarries -- 1.4.2 The quarries in Ølve/Hatlestrand -- Figure 1.1: Location of the two quarry areas Hyllestad and Ølve/Hatlestrand (Map: Irene Baug, 2013) -- Figure 1.2: The garnet mica schist from Hyllestad. The dark-red garnets seen are c. 2-5mm in size (Photo: Øystein J. Jansen) -- Figure 1.3: Location of major quernstone and millstone quarries in Norway (Map: Irene Baug, 2013) -- Figure 1.4: Fragments of two different bakestones from Bryggen in Bergen (upper: BRM0/50627, dated to AD 1248-1332 by Mygland (2003). lower: BRM0/50119), most likely produced in Ølve/Hatlestrand (10-cm scale) (Photos: Marcin Gladki © Museumssenteret i Hor -- Figure 1.5: Location of major bakestone quarries (Map: Irene Baug, 2013) -- Figure 1.6: Identified quarries in Hyllestad. Farm numbers are specified for the farms with quarries within their boundaries (Map: Irene Baug, 2013, Norge Digitalt. FKB-data, 1413 Hyllestad kommune, 32_1413eiendom_flate, 28.02.2009) -- Figure 1.7: Identified quarries in Ølve and Hatlestrand. Farm numbers are specified for farms with quarries within their boundaries (Map: Irene Baug, 2013, Norge Digitalt FKB-data, 1224 Kvinnherad commune, 32_1224eiendom_flate 21.11.2007) -- 2 State of Research -- 2.1 Quernstones and millstones within Scandinavian research -- 2.2 Quernstone and millstone research in areas of Western and Central Europe -- 2.3 Bakestones -- 2.4 Different forms of querns and mills -- 2.5 Bakestones and their use -- 2.6 An overall assessment -- Figure 2.1: Cross section of a hand quern and terminology related to the different elements.

Figure 2.2: Left: mill with horizontal waterwheel with vertical axle. Right: mill with vertical water wheel with horizontal axle (Source: Berge 1979:7) -- Figure 2.3: Complete and unused bakestone found in the quarries in Ølve/Hatlestrand (Photo: Atle Ove Martinussen) -- 3 Theoretical Perspectives -- 3.1 Social dimensions of production landscapes -- 3.2 Technology -- 3.3 Trade, routes and 'routinisation' -- 3.4 Structural durability and change: which processes define stability and which cause change? -- 3.4.1 Innovation and change in the centre and periphery -- 4 Methodological Approaches -- 4.1 The quarries: definitions -- 4.1.1 Classification of the different quarry types at Hyllestad -- 4.1.2 Classification of different quarry types at Ølve/Hatlestrand -- 4.2 Methodological approaches on the micro level: the archaeological investigations -- 4.2.1 Dating and interpreting material in the trenches and test pits -- 4.3 Methodological approaches at the meso level: retrospective analyses -- 4.4 Methodological approaches on the macro level: provenance studies and distribution -- Figure 4.1: Products extracted from shallow quarries. The figures show the numbers of quarries based on surface recovery (Heldal and Bloxam 2008: fig. 6-3) -- Figure 4.2: Schematic figure of the two subtypes of bedrock quarries: shallow and deep (Grenne et al. 2008: fig. 18) -- Figure 4.3: Products extracted from deep quarries. The figures show the numbers of quarries based on surface recovery (Heldal and Bloxam 2008: fig. 6-7) -- Figure 4.4: Products extracted from combined shallow and deep quarries. The figures indicate the numbers of quarries based on surface recovery (Heldal and Bloxam 2008: fig. 6-10) -- Figure 4.5: Different types of hand-worked quarries. (The 72 prospecting quarries are not included.) (Source: Heldal and Bloxam 2008).

Figure 4.6: Quarry types identified at Ølve/Hatlestrand -- Figure 4.7: Explanation of symbols used in the drawings in Chapters 5 and 6 -- 5 Archaeological Investigations of Quarries at Hyllestad -- 5.1 Aims and methods -- 5.2 Archaeological investigations at Rønset (no. 71) -- 5.2.1 Rønset trench 4: quarry site for slab production -- 5.2.2 Rønset trench 5: quarry site for quernstone and millstone production -- 5.2.3 The rock shelter at Rønset -- 5.3 Archaeological investigations at Myklebust (no. 79) -- 5.3.1 Myklebust trenches 2-5: some temporal aspects -- 5.3.2 Myklebust trenches 6 and 7: production of quernstones and stone crosses -- 5.4 Archaeological investigations at Sørbø (no. 32) -- 5.4.1 Sørbø trench 1 - quarry with production of quernstones and millstones -- 5.5 Archaeological investigations at Sæsol (no. 78) -- 5.5.1 Sæsol trench 7: quarry with production of quernstones -- 5.6 Dating the quarries and their products -- Figure 5.1: Map showing the location of the excavations (Map: Irene Baug, 2013, Norge Digitalt. FKB-data, 1413 Hyllestad kommune, 32_1413eiendom_flate, 28.02.2009) -- Figure 5.2: Distribution of Hyllestad deep quarries. N=45 (Source: Heldal and Bloxam 2008: fig. 6-8) -- Figure 5.3: Distribution of Hyllestad combination quarries. N=15 (Source: Heldal and Bloxam 2008: 6-11) -- Figure 5.4: Distribution of Hyllestad shallow quarries. N=129 (Source: Heldal and Bloxam 2008: fig. 6-4) -- Figure 5.5: Map of the different types of quarries at Rønset (Map: Irene Baug, 2013) (Map data for the Hyllestad quarries from a survey by Tom Heldal, NGU) -- Figure 5.6: The carved rock wall at Rønset trench 1 (Photo: Kim Søderstrøm and Jørgen Magnus © Riksantikvaren) -- Figure 5.7: Slab from Rønset trench 4 (Photo: Irene Baug, 2006) -- Figure 5.8: Quarry with slab extraction (Photo: Irene Baug, 2006).

Figure 5.9: Rønset trench 4 during excavation (Photo: Irene Baug, 2006) -- Figure 5.10: Section of Rønset trench 4 (Drawing: Irene Baug, 2006) -- Figure 5.11: Multiple plot diagram of C14-analyses from Rønset trench 4 -- Figure 5.12: Path towards Rønset trench 5 -- Figure 5.13: The 6m-high carved rock wall north of Rønset trench 5 (Photo: Irene Baug, 2008) -- Figure 5.14: Rønset trench 5 during excavation -- the stone wall is visible at the southern end (Photo: Irene Baug, 2008) -- Figure 5.15: Rønset trench 5 wall (Drawing: Anja Sætre/Åsne Helleve, Photo: Irene Baug, 2008) -- Figure 5.16: Section of Rønset trench 5 (Drawing: Anja Sætre/Åsne Helleve, 2008) -- Figure 5.17: Multiple plot diagram of C14-analyses from Rønset trench 5 -- Figure 5.18: Fragments of unfinished and broken quernstones and millstones from Rønset trench 5 (Photo: Irene Baug, 2008) -- Figure 5.19: Rock shelter seen from the north (Photo: Irene Baug, 2009) -- Figure 5.20: Sketch of the rock shelter (Drawing: Irene Baug, 2009) -- Figure 5.21: Sections of test pit 1 (Drawing: Irene Baug, 2009) -- Figure 5.22: Test pit 1: north (left) and south (right) sections (left) (Photo: Irene Baug, 2008) -- Figure 5.23: Test pit 2 (Drawing: Irene Baug, 2009) -- Figure 5.24: Multiple plot diagram of C14-analyses from the rock shelter, test pits 1 and 2 -- Figure 5.25: Map of different quarry types at Myklebust (Map: Irene Baug, 2013) (Map-data for Hyllestad quarries from a survey by Tom Heldal, NGU) -- Figure 5.26: The quarry complex at Myklebust showing the location of trenches 2-5 (Photo: Kim Søderstrøm and Jørgen Magnus©Riksantikvaren) -- Figure 5.27: Carved rock wall (4.3m long), with signs of slab production, from the eastern end of trench 6 (Photo: Kim Søderstrøm, Jørgen Magnus © Riksantikvaren).

Figure 5.28: Carved base of Myklebust trench 6, from the east (Drawing: Irene Baug/Åsne Helleve -- photo: Irene Baug, 2008) -- Figure 5.29: Section of Myklebust trench 6 (Drawing: Irene Baug/Åsne Helleve, 2008) -- Figure 5.30: Trench 6 during excavation showing quernstones and cross in same deposit (Photo: Irene Baug, 2008) -- Figure 5.31: Multiple plot diagram of C14-analyses from Myklebust trench 6 -- Figure 5.32: The stone crosses (Photo: Svein Skare, University Museum of Bergen) -- Figure 5.32: The stone crosses (Photo: Svein Skare, University Museum of Bergen) contd. -- Figure 5.32: The stone crosses (Photo: Svein Skare, University Museum of Bergen) contd. -- Figure 5.32: The stone crosses (Photo: Svein Skare, University Museum of Bergen) contd. -- Figure 5.33: Excavation of Myklebust trench 7 (Photo: Irene Baug, 2008) -- Figure 5.34: Section of Myklebust trench 7 (Drawing: Irene Baug/Åsne Helleve, 2008) -- Figure 5.35: Multiple plot diagram of C14 analyses from Myklebust trench 7 -- Figure 5.36: Myklebust trench 7 during excavation (Photo: Irene Baug, 2008) -- Figure 5.37: Map of quarry types at Sørbø (Map: Irene Baug, 2013) (Map-data for Hyllestad quarries from a survey by Tom Heldal, NGU) -- Figure 5.38: Section of Sørbø trench 1 (Drawing Irene Baug, 2006) -- Figure 5.39: Sørbø trench 1 from the north (Photo: Irene Baug, 2006) -- Figure 5.40: Map of the different quarry types at Sæsol (Map: Irene Baug, 2013) (Map data for the Hyllestad quarries from a survey by Tom Heldal, NGU) -- Figure 5.41: Overview of the area around Sæsol trench 7 (marked with an arrow) -- taken from the earlier investigated quarry, Sæsol trench 6 (Photo: Irene Baug, 2008) -- Figure 5.42: Carved rock with circular quernstone extraction marks (Photo: Irene Baug, 2008) -- Figure 5.43: Excavation of Sæsol trench 7 (Photo: Irene Baug, 2008).

Figure 5.44: Section of Sæsol trench 7 (Drawing: Irene Baug/Åsne Helleve, 2008).