Ephyra-Epirus the Mycenaean acropolis : : results of the excavations 1975-1986 and 2007-2008 / / Thanasis J. Papadopoulos and Evangelia Papadopoulou.
This volume presents the results of the 1975-1986 and 2007-2008 excavations on the prehistoric-Mycenaean acropolis of Ephyra, one of the most important Bronze Age sites of Epirus. Ephyra is a small coastal fortified site in the region of the lower Acheron valley, and it has produced impressive and,...
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Place / Publishing House: | Oxford : : Archaeopress Archaeology,, [2020] ©2020 |
Year of Publication: | 2020 |
Edition: | 1st ed. |
Language: | English |
Physical Description: | 1 online resource (vii, 134 pages) :; illustrations, maps |
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Table of Contents:
- Cover
- Title Page
- Copyright page
- Dedication
- Contents Page
- List of Figures
- Abbreviations
- Preface and acknowledgments
- Contents
- List of Figures
- Abbreviations
- Preface and acknowledgments
- 1.
- Epirus
- Topography, geomorphology, climate, and history of previous research
- Figure 1. Map of Greece (Hope Simpson-Hagel 2006: Figure1a).
- Figure 2. Epirus, geophysical map (Ηπειρος, 4000 χρόνια ελληνικής ιστορίας και πολιτισμού, Εκδοτική Αθηνών, 1997: εικ.1).
- Figure 3. Map of Bronze Age sites in Epirus (Tartaron 2004, fig. 3:3).
- 1. Environment, myth, literary evidence and history of the excavation
- 2.
- Ephyra
- Figure 4.1. Map of the plain of Acheron and Acherousia (Dakaris Οδηγός Νεκρομαντείου, ΤΑΠΑ 1993).
- Figure 4.2. Map of the south-western region of Epirus (Dakaris 1963: Abb. 9).
- Figure 4.3. The hill of Xylokastron-Ephyra (view from the south).
- Figure 5. Two pithoid jars containing infant burials (Dakaris 1958: pl. 86).
- Figure 6. Ephyra, south gate (view from north).
- Figure 7. Ephyra acropolis, extant segments of the three fortification walls.
- Figure 8. Acherousia today (view from the acropolis of Ephyra).
- 2. Description of the acropolis and architectural remains
- Figure 9. Map of the Acheron valley (Dakaris 1998).
- Figure 10. Ephyra hill (view from the south).
- Figure 11. Ephyra, Nekromanteion hills, Mesopotamos village and Acherousia (view from the east) (Ephorate of Antiquities of Preveza 2015, The archaeological sites of Nekromanteion and Ephyra: 20).
- Figure 12.1. Ephyra, the northeastern unwalled side of the acropolis.
- Figure 12.2. The present mouth of the Acheron (Ephorate of Antiquities of Preveza 2015, The archaeological sites of Nekromanteion and Ephyra: 10).
- Figure 13. Ephyra, topographical plan (Dakaris 1973: Figure 39).
- Figure 14. Ephyra. Lower-external wall and perimeter of the acropolis.
- Figure 15a. Ephyra the upper fortification wall (Ephorate of Antiquities of Preveza, The archaeological sites of Nekromanteion and Ephyra: 49, 2015).
- Figure 16. Ephyra, Cyclopean wall.
- Figure 15. Glykis Limin in the Lower Acheron Valley (Tartaron 2004: Figure 7.6).
- Figure 17.1. Ephyra, Cyclopean wall, southern part of middle wall.
- Figure 17.2. Ephyra, Cyclopean wall, northern part of middle wall.
- Figure 17.3. Ephyra, Cyclopean wall, northern part of middle wall, continued.
- Figure 17.4. Ephyra, plan of northern part of middle wall.
- Figure 17.5. Ephyra, plan of northern part of middle wall, continued.
- Figure 18. Ephyra, three roughly square blocks at the start of the northern part of the middle wall.
- Figure 19.2. Ephyra, southern part of middle wall.
- Figure 20. Ephyra, plan of the southern part of middle wall, detail of the middle wall showing its foundation on the natural rock.
- Figure 19.1. Ephyra, southern part of middle wall shaped as a semicircle to retain the cemetery of tumuli.
- Figure 19.3. Ephyra, plan of the southern part of middle wall.
- Figure 21. The lower wall in all its extant part, view from the south.
- Figure 22.1: The south gate before excavation, view from the south.
- Figure 22.2: The south gate after its cleaning, view from the north.
- Figure 22.3: The destroyed NW side of the south gate, view from the south.
- Figure 23.1: South gate, section.
- Figure 23.2: South gate, plan.
- Figure 23.3: South gate, plan of south face.
- Figure 23.4: South gate, plan of west side.
- Figure 23.5: South gate, plan of east side.
- Figure 24: South gate after its final cleaning (2008) and the two stones indicating the existence of jambs (?).
- Figure 26.1: Lower wall (first part, west of south gate).
- Figure 26.3: Lower wall (third part, west of south gate).
- Figure 26.5: Lower wall (fifth part, west of south gate).
- Figure 25: South gate and the interior corridor leading to the upper acropolis.
- Figure 26.2: Lower wall (second part, west of south gate).
- Figure 26.4: Lower wall (fourth part, west of south gate).
- Figure 26.6: Lower wall (sixth part, west of south gate).
- Figure 27.1: Lower wall (plan of first part, west of south gate).
- Figure 27.3: Lower wall (plan of third part, west of south gate).
- Figure 27.4: Lower wall (plan of fourth part, west of south gate).
- Figure 27.2: Lower wall (plan of second part, west of south gate).
- Figure 27.5: Lower wall (plan of fifth part, west of south gate).
- Figure 27.6: Lower wall (plan of sixth part, west of south gate).
- 3. Tombs and burial customs in Epirus
- Figure 28: Map of the prehistoric cemeteries of Epirus.
- Figure 29: Mazaraki, cist tomb (Vokotopoulou 1969: Pl.27a).
- Figure 30: Ephyra, tumulus Γ, cist tomb A.
- Figure 31a-b: Parga, tholos tomb and Mycenaean pottery.
- 4. The prehistoric tumuli cemetery at Ephyra (Figure 33.1.2.3)
- Figure 32: Pogoni, tumuli A, B, Γ and tumulus from Glava (Andreou 1994: 262-63, plans 2-5).
- Figure 33.1: Ephyra hill, view from the south (Ephorate of Antiquities of Preveza 2015, The archaeological sites of Nekromanteion and Ephyra: 58, right).
- Figure 33.2: Ephyra, general view of the tumuli (Ephorate of Antiquities of Preveza 2015 The archaeological sites of Nekromanteion and Ephyra: 51).
- Figure 33.3: Ephyra, general topographical plan of the excavated parts (by architect A. Lagopoulos).
- Figure 34: Sketch plan of the three tumuli (by architect D. Skyrgiannis).
- Figure 35.1.2: Tumulus A, view from the east, old and recent view.
- Figure 35.3.4: Tumulus A (plan by G. Tsonis)
- burial A in situ.
- Figure 36.1.2: Tumulus A, burial (after cleaning)
- burial B in situ.
- Figure 36.3: Tumulus A, plan of primary and secondary burials and finds.
- Figure 36.4: Tumulus A, plan of burial A and its offerings.
- Figure 38.1: Tumulus Β, view from the north.
- Figure 37.1: Tumulus A, primary burial C, in a contracted position.
- Figure 37.2: Tumulus A, plan of burial C, in a contracted position.
- Figure 38.2: Tumulus B, burial in situ.
- Figure 39.1: Tumulus Γ, view from the north at the start of digging.
- Figure 39.2: Tumulus Γ, view after final investigation.
- Figure 40.1: Tumulus Γ, small cist tomb A.
- Figure 41: Tumulus Γ, cist tomb B and the adjacent small perivolos (west view).
- Figure 42.2: Tumulus Γ, cist tomb Β, primary burial Λ.
- Figure 40.2: Tumulus Γ, interior of tomb A.
- Figure 42.1: Tumulus Γ, cist tomb B and primary burial A (south view).
- Figure42.3: Tumulus Γ, cist tomb B, primary burial Λ, burials H.I.K
- Figure 42.4: Tumulus Γ, cist tomb B, primary burial B (outside and along the northern side of the cist).
- Figure 42.5: Tumulus Γ, cist tomb B, upper part of burial B.
- Figure 43.1: Tumulus Γ, burial of a woman and her child (Z).
- Figure 43.2: Tumulus Γ, burial of a woman and her child (Z ).
- Figure 43.3: Tumulus Γ, cist tomb B, plan of the burials.
- Figure 43.4: Tumulus Γ, cist tomb B, interior, upper layer of burials.
- Figure 44: Tumulus Γ, plan of burial Z (woman and her child).
- Figure 43.5: Tumulus Γ, cist tomb B, interior, lower layer of burials.
- Figure 45: Ephyra, cist grave NE of tumulus A.
- Figure 47.1: Ephyra, cist grave E, N of tumulus Γ, with burial in situ.
- Figure 47.2: Ephyra, cist grave E, N of tumulus Γ, after removal of the burial.
- Figure 46: Ephyra, cist grave Δ, N of tumulus Γ.
- Figure 48.1: NW building, view from the NE (excavation 1980).
- Figure 48.2a: Plan of NW building and tumulus A (A. Lagopoulos).
- Figure 48.2b: Plan of NW building.
- Figure 49.4: Provisional reconstruction of horns of consecration.
- Figure 49.1: Strong wall on south side of NW building.
- Figure 49.2: Archaic shallow lekanae in situ (south view).
- Figure 49.3: Poros-stone fragment of horns of consecration, in situ.
- Figure 49.5: Whitish stone fragment of horn of consecration.
- Figure 49.6: Stone metallurgical mould.
- Figure 50.1: Ephyra, space between Tumulus A and NW building.
- Figure 49.7: Stone double-axe.
- 5. Pottery
- a) The prehistoric pottery of Epirus.Fabric, technique, typology
- Figure 50.2: Middle retaining wall.
- b) The prehistoric pottery of Ephyra Fabric and technique. Typology
- I. Closed Shapes
- II. Open Shapes
- III. Pithoi
- IV. Uncertain
- Decoration
- a) K.II/III
- c) Category IVa-(b)
- Figure 51.1.2: Cat. no. P1 .
- d) Wheel-made Mycenaean pottery and/or imitation of it
- 6. An indicative Catalogue of prehistoric pottery and artefacts
- a) Pottery
- Figure 52: Cat. nos. P2-5.
- Figure 53: Cat. nos. P6-9.
- Figure 54: Cat. nos. P10-13
- Figure 55: Cat. nos. P4-15.
- Figure 56: Cat. nos. P16-18.
- Figure 57: Cat. nos. P19-20.
- Figure 58: Cat. nos. P22-23.
- Figure 59: Cat. nos. P24-25.
- Figure 60: Cat. nos. P26-29.
- Figure 61: Cat. nos. P30-33.
- Figure 62: Cat. nos. P34-37.
- Figure 63: Cat. nos. P38-41.
- Figure 64: Cat. nos. P42-45.
- Figure 65: Cat. nos. P46-47.
- Figure 66: Cat. nos. P48-51.
- Figure 67: Cat. nos. P52-55.
- Figure 68: Cat. nos. P56-59.
- Figure 69: Cat. nos. P60-63.
- Figure 70: Cat. nos. P64-66.
- Figure 71: Cat. nos. P67-69.
- Figure 72: Cat. nos. P70-73.
- Figure 73: Cat. nos. P74-77.
- Figure 74: Cat. nos. P78-81.
- Figure 75: Cat. nos. P82-86.
- Figure 76: Cat. nos. P87-90.
- Figure 77: Cat. nos. P91-94.
- Figure 78: Cat. nos. P95-98.