Ephyra-Epirus the Mycenaean acropolis : : results of the excavations 1975-1986 and 2007-2008 / / Thanasis J. Papadopoulos and Evangelia Papadopoulou.

• VerfasserIn: Papadopoulos, Thanasis J.,; Papadopoulou, Evangelia,
• TeilnehmendeR: Papadopoulou, Evangelia,
• Place / Publishing House: Oxford : : Archaeopress Archaeology,, [2020]; ©2020
• Year of Publication: 2020
• Edition: 1st ed.
• Language: English
• Physical Description: 1 online resource (vii, 134 pages) :; illustrations, maps

This volume presents the results of the 1975-1986 and 2007-2008 excavations on the prehistoric-Mycenaean acropolis of Ephyra, one of the most important Bronze Age sites of Epirus. Ephyra is a small coastal fortified site in the region of the lower Acheron valley, and it has produced impressive and, in some cases, unique Bronze Age remains.

Table of Contents

Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright page -- Dedication -- Contents Page -- List of Figures -- Abbreviations -- Preface and acknowledgments -- Contents -- List of Figures -- Abbreviations -- Preface and acknowledgments -- 1. -- Epirus -- Topography, geomorphology, climate, and history of previous research -- Figure 1. Map of Greece (Hope Simpson-Hagel 2006: Figure1a). -- Figure 2. Epirus, geophysical map (Ηπειρος, 4000 χρόνια ελληνικής ιστορίας και πολιτισμού, Εκδοτική Αθηνών, 1997: εικ.1). -- Figure 3. Map of Bronze Age sites in Epirus (Tartaron 2004, fig. 3:3). -- 1. Environment, myth, literary evidence and history of the excavation -- 2. -- Ephyra -- Figure 4.1. Map of the plain of Acheron and Acherousia (Dakaris Οδηγός Νεκρομαντείου, ΤΑΠΑ 1993). -- Figure 4.2. Map of the south-western region of Epirus (Dakaris 1963: Abb. 9). -- Figure 4.3. The hill of Xylokastron-Ephyra (view from the south). -- Figure 5. Two pithoid jars containing infant burials (Dakaris 1958: pl. 86). -- Figure 6. Ephyra, south gate (view from north). -- Figure 7. Ephyra acropolis, extant segments of the three fortification walls. -- Figure 8. Acherousia today (view from the acropolis of Ephyra). -- 2. Description of the acropolis and architectural remains -- Figure 9. Map of the Acheron valley (Dakaris 1998). -- Figure 10. Ephyra hill (view from the south). -- Figure 11. Ephyra, Nekromanteion hills, Mesopotamos village and Acherousia (view from the east) (Ephorate of Antiquities of Preveza 2015, The archaeological sites of Nekromanteion and Ephyra: 20). -- Figure 12.1. Ephyra, the northeastern unwalled side of the acropolis. -- Figure 12.2. The present mouth of the Acheron (Ephorate of Antiquities of Preveza 2015, The archaeological sites of Nekromanteion and Ephyra: 10). -- Figure 13. Ephyra, topographical plan (Dakaris 1973: Figure 39).

Figure 14. Ephyra. Lower-external wall and perimeter of the acropolis. -- Figure 15a. Ephyra the upper fortification wall (Ephorate of Antiquities of Preveza, The archaeological sites of Nekromanteion and Ephyra: 49, 2015). -- Figure 16. Ephyra, Cyclopean wall. -- Figure 15. Glykis Limin in the Lower Acheron Valley (Tartaron 2004: Figure 7.6). -- Figure 17.1. Ephyra, Cyclopean wall, southern part of middle wall. -- Figure 17.2. Ephyra, Cyclopean wall, northern part of middle wall. -- Figure 17.3. Ephyra, Cyclopean wall, northern part of middle wall, continued. -- Figure 17.4. Ephyra, plan of northern part of middle wall. -- Figure 17.5. Ephyra, plan of northern part of middle wall, continued. -- Figure 18. Ephyra, three roughly square blocks at the start of the northern part of the middle wall. -- Figure 19.2. Ephyra, southern part of middle wall. -- Figure 20. Ephyra, plan of the southern part of middle wall, detail of the middle wall showing its foundation on the natural rock. -- Figure 19.1. Ephyra, southern part of middle wall shaped as a semicircle to retain the cemetery of tumuli. -- Figure 19.3. Ephyra, plan of the southern part of middle wall. -- Figure 21. The lower wall in all its extant part, view from the south. -- Figure 22.1: The south gate before excavation, view from the south. -- Figure 22.2: The south gate after its cleaning, view from the north. -- Figure 22.3: The destroyed NW side of the south gate, view from the south. -- Figure 23.1: South gate, section. -- Figure 23.2: South gate, plan. -- Figure 23.3: South gate, plan of south face. -- Figure 23.4: South gate, plan of west side. -- Figure 23.5: South gate, plan of east side. -- Figure 24: South gate after its final cleaning (2008) and the two stones indicating the existence of jambs (?). -- Figure 26.1: Lower wall (first part, west of south gate).

Figure 26.3: Lower wall (third part, west of south gate). -- Figure 26.5: Lower wall (fifth part, west of south gate). -- Figure 25: South gate and the interior corridor leading to the upper acropolis. -- Figure 26.2: Lower wall (second part, west of south gate). -- Figure 26.4: Lower wall (fourth part, west of south gate). -- Figure 26.6: Lower wall (sixth part, west of south gate). -- Figure 27.1: Lower wall (plan of first part, west of south gate). -- Figure 27.3: Lower wall (plan of third part, west of south gate). -- Figure 27.4: Lower wall (plan of fourth part, west of south gate). -- Figure 27.2: Lower wall (plan of second part, west of south gate). -- Figure 27.5: Lower wall (plan of fifth part, west of south gate). -- Figure 27.6: Lower wall (plan of sixth part, west of south gate). -- 3. Tombs and burial customs in Epirus -- Figure 28: Map of the prehistoric cemeteries of Epirus. -- Figure 29: Mazaraki, cist tomb (Vokotopoulou 1969: Pl.27a). -- Figure 30: Ephyra, tumulus Γ, cist tomb A. -- Figure 31a-b: Parga, tholos tomb and Mycenaean pottery. -- 4. The prehistoric tumuli cemetery at Ephyra (Figure 33.1.2.3) -- Figure 32: Pogoni, tumuli A, B, Γ and tumulus from Glava (Andreou 1994: 262-63, plans 2-5). -- Figure 33.1: Ephyra hill, view from the south (Ephorate of Antiquities of Preveza 2015, The archaeological sites of Nekromanteion and Ephyra: 58, right). -- Figure 33.2: Ephyra, general view of the tumuli (Ephorate of Antiquities of Preveza 2015 The archaeological sites of Nekromanteion and Ephyra: 51). -- Figure 33.3: Ephyra, general topographical plan of the excavated parts (by architect A. Lagopoulos). -- Figure 34: Sketch plan of the three tumuli (by architect D. Skyrgiannis). -- Figure 35.1.2: Tumulus A, view from the east, old and recent view. -- Figure 35.3.4: Tumulus A (plan by G. Tsonis) -- burial A in situ.

Figure 36.1.2: Tumulus A, burial (after cleaning) -- burial B in situ. -- Figure 36.3: Tumulus A, plan of primary and secondary burials and finds. -- Figure 36.4: Tumulus A, plan of burial A and its offerings. -- Figure 38.1: Tumulus Β, view from the north. -- Figure 37.1: Tumulus A, primary burial C, in a contracted position. -- Figure 37.2: Tumulus A, plan of burial C, in a contracted position. -- Figure 38.2: Tumulus B, burial in situ. -- Figure 39.1: Tumulus Γ, view from the north at the start of digging. -- Figure 39.2: Tumulus Γ, view after final investigation. -- Figure 40.1: Tumulus Γ, small cist tomb A. -- Figure 41: Tumulus Γ, cist tomb B and the adjacent small perivolos (west view). -- Figure 42.2: Tumulus Γ, cist tomb Β, primary burial Λ. -- Figure 40.2: Tumulus Γ, interior of tomb A. -- Figure 42.1: Tumulus Γ, cist tomb B and primary burial A (south view). -- Figure42.3: Tumulus Γ, cist tomb B, primary burial Λ, burials H.I.K -- Figure 42.4: Tumulus Γ, cist tomb B, primary burial B (outside and along the northern side of the cist). -- Figure 42.5: Tumulus Γ, cist tomb B, upper part of burial B. -- Figure 43.1: Tumulus Γ, burial of a woman and her child (Z). -- Figure 43.2: Tumulus Γ, burial of a woman and her child (Z ). -- Figure 43.3: Tumulus Γ, cist tomb B, plan of the burials. -- Figure 43.4: Tumulus Γ, cist tomb B, interior, upper layer of burials. -- Figure 44: Tumulus Γ, plan of burial Z (woman and her child). -- Figure 43.5: Tumulus Γ, cist tomb B, interior, lower layer of burials. -- Figure 45: Ephyra, cist grave NE of tumulus A. -- Figure 47.1: Ephyra, cist grave E, N of tumulus Γ, with burial in situ. -- Figure 47.2: Ephyra, cist grave E, N of tumulus Γ, after removal of the burial. -- Figure 46: Ephyra, cist grave Δ, N of tumulus Γ. -- Figure 48.1: NW building, view from the NE (excavation 1980).

Figure 48.2a: Plan of NW building and tumulus A (A. Lagopoulos). -- Figure 48.2b: Plan of NW building. -- Figure 49.4: Provisional reconstruction of horns of consecration. -- Figure 49.1: Strong wall on south side of NW building. -- Figure 49.2: Archaic shallow lekanae in situ (south view). -- Figure 49.3: Poros-stone fragment of horns of consecration, in situ. -- Figure 49.5: Whitish stone fragment of horn of consecration. -- Figure 49.6: Stone metallurgical mould. -- Figure 50.1: Ephyra, space between Tumulus A and NW building. -- Figure 49.7: Stone double-axe. -- 5. Pottery -- a) The prehistoric pottery of Epirus.Fabric, technique, typology -- Figure 50.2: Middle retaining wall. -- b) The prehistoric pottery of Ephyra Fabric and technique. Typology -- I. Closed Shapes -- II. Open Shapes -- III. Pithoi -- IV. Uncertain -- Decoration -- a) K.II/III -- c) Category IVa-(b) -- Figure 51.1.2: Cat. no. P1 . -- d) Wheel-made Mycenaean pottery and/or imitation of it -- 6. An indicative Catalogue of prehistoric pottery and artefacts -- a) Pottery -- Figure 52: Cat. nos. P2-5. -- Figure 53: Cat. nos. P6-9. -- Figure 54: Cat. nos. P10-13 -- Figure 55: Cat. nos. P4-15. -- Figure 56: Cat. nos. P16-18. -- Figure 57: Cat. nos. P19-20. -- Figure 58: Cat. nos. P22-23. -- Figure 59: Cat. nos. P24-25. -- Figure 60: Cat. nos. P26-29. -- Figure 61: Cat. nos. P30-33. -- Figure 62: Cat. nos. P34-37. -- Figure 63: Cat. nos. P38-41. -- Figure 64: Cat. nos. P42-45. -- Figure 65: Cat. nos. P46-47. -- Figure 66: Cat. nos. P48-51. -- Figure 67: Cat. nos. P52-55. -- Figure 68: Cat. nos. P56-59. -- Figure 69: Cat. nos. P60-63. -- Figure 70: Cat. nos. P64-66. -- Figure 71: Cat. nos. P67-69. -- Figure 72: Cat. nos. P70-73. -- Figure 73: Cat. nos. P74-77. -- Figure 74: Cat. nos. P78-81. -- Figure 75: Cat. nos. P82-86. -- Figure 76: Cat. nos. P87-90. -- Figure 77: Cat. nos. P91-94.

Figure 78: Cat. nos. P95-98.