Brochs and the Empire : : the impact of Rome on Iron Age Scotland as seen in the Leckie Broch excavations / / Euan W. MacKie.

• Superior document: Archaeopress archaeology
• VerfasserIn: MacKie, Euan Wallace,
• Place / Publishing House: Oxford : : Archaeopress Publishing Ltd,, [2016]; ©2016
• Year of Publication: 2016
• Language: English
• Series: Archaeopress archaeology.
• Physical Description: 1 online resource (x, 168 pages) :; illustrations, maps.

"The excavation of the Leckie Iron Age broch in Stirlingshire, Scotland, took place during the 1970s after the author had been asked to organise the work by a local archaeological society. At that stage the author did not consider - despite its location - that the site might vividly reflect the expansion of the Roman Empire into southern Scotland in the late first century AD. For various reasons the final report was not written until about thirty years after the fieldwork finished and by then the quality and significance of the Roman finds was much better understood, thanks to the analysis of them by experts. Many of them seemed like gifts to the broch chief, despite the clear evidence of the violent destruction of the broch at a later date. The Roman author Tacitus gave a detailed account of Governor Agricola's campaigns in southern Scotland and pointed out that he sometimes tried to make friends with local chiefs before invading their territories, to avoid un-necessary casualties. This also applied to the first Roman naval excursion up the west coast and explains the evidence from Dun Ardtreck, Skye, excavated in the 1960s. This site was also destroyed later and this could reflect the later hostile voyage of the navy after the battle of Mons Graupius which occurred after a few years of campaigning. Thus Rome's accounts can allow one to understand the history of some native sites much more vividly."-- Back cover.

Table of Contents

Machine generated contents note: Design and layout of the book -- Problems in writing this report -- Acknowledgement of assistance -- Primary acknowledgements -- pt. 1 The Impact of Rome on Iron Age Scotland -- 1.1. The historical context -- 1.2. Improving information from archaeology -- 1.3. The Roman Army invasions of Scotland -- 1.3.1. Summary of the Imperial Army's actions -- 1.3.2. The contemporary story of the late first century invasion -- 1.4. Roman influence on daily life -- 1.4.1. Roman finds on Iron Age sites -- 1.4.2. Social explanations for these phenomena -- 1.4.3. Detailed evidence from Leckie favours the `friendly Romans' theory -- Roman glass -- Iron tools of Roman type -- A Roman Bronze Mirror -- Probable Roman bronze fragments -- Roman pottery -- The presence of lead on the site -- 1.5. The impact of the Army's first three invasions on Leckie broch -- 1.5.1. The apparently peaceful period in Flavian times -- 1.5.2. The destruction in the Antonine period -- 1.5.3. The Severan invasion -- 1.5.4. Events at two neighbouring brochs in Stirlingshire -- 1. Fairy Knowe, Buchlyvie -- 2. Torwood broch, Dunipace -- 1.6. Governor Agricola's navy -- 1.6.1. Information from Roman sources -- 1.6.2. Information from archaeological evidence -- 1.6.3. The west coast and its possible harbours -- 1.6.4. Events at Dun Ardtreck semibroch, Skye -- Is Loch Harport Portus Trucculensis? -- 1.7. The brochs of southern Scotland -- pt. 2 Background to the Excavations -- 2.1. The situation of the site and its significance -- 2.2. Discovery of the site -- 2.3. How the excavations began -- 2.4. The site before excavation -- 2.5. The recording system -- Horizontal co-ordinates -- Vertical recording -- 2.6. The basic site sequence -- Early -- Phase 1? -- Phase 2 -- Phase 3a -- Phase 3b -- Phase 3b (late) -- Phase 3c -- Phase 4a -- 4a.1 -- 4a.2 -- Phase 4b -- Phase 5a -- Phase 5b -- Phase 5c -- Phase 6 -- Phase 7 -- 2.8. The study of site stratigraphy -- 2.8. Acknowledgements -- pt. 3 The Basic Stratigraphy of the Site -- 3.1. Introduction -- 3.2. Summary of basic stratigraphical evidence -- 3.2.1. The drystone structures -- 3.2.2. The internal layers -- 3.2.3. The sequence of stone hearths (Illus. 3.22) -- 3.2.4. The intra-mural stairway -- 3.3. Basic data 1: the wall foundations -- 3.3.1. The broch (constructed in Phase 2): the north wall. (Illus 2.3) -- 3.3.2. The broch: The south wall -- 3.3.3. The promontory fort -- 3.3.4. Conclusions about the wall foundations -- 3.4. Basic data 2: the sequences of layers -- 3.4.1. Introduction -- 3.4.2. External sections on the north -- 3.4.3. External sections on the south side -- 3.4.4. The main internal sections -- The inner face on the west side -- The upper two rubble layers -- The two occupation layers -- The strata under the broch floor -- 3.5. Basic data 3: the stone structures -- 3.5.1. The broch and the later stone roundhouse -- 3.5.2. The history of the stairway -- Evidence that it is of a broch -- The assumed original form of the stair -- After the broch's destruction -- After the abandonment of the roundhouse -- During the building of the promontory fort -- 3.6. Basic data 4: structural features in the interior -- 3.6.1. Post-holes in the primary level -- 3.6.2. Broch paving_(Illus. 3.20) -- 3.7. Basic data 5: the sequence of hearths -- 3.8. Basic data 6: the dimensions of the structures -- 3.9. Dating the site Phases -- 3.9.1. Radiocarbon dates (Appendix 4.2.4) (Illus. 3.27) -- The early dates -- The twenty accurate radiocarbon dates -- 3.9.2. Roman imports -- pt. 4 Occupation Phases and Daily Life -- 4.1. The Early Phase: rock shelter and rock carvings -- 4.1.1. The rock carvings (Illus. 4.1) -- 4.1.2. Deposits and structures -- 4.2. Phase 1? a possible small wooden hut? -- 4.3. Phases 2 & 3a: Broch construction and first occupation -- 4.3.1. Structures and stratigraphy -- 4.3.2. Material culture -- Bronze artefacts (2 & 3a) -- Iron artefacts (2 and 3a) -- Lead artefacts (2 & 3a) -- Stone artefacts and minerals (2 & 3a) -- Roman pottery (2 & 3a -- see Appendix 00) -- Roman glass (2 & 3a) -- Native glass artifact (2 & 3a) (Appendix?) -- Fired clay (2 & 3a) -- Wooden artefacts (2 & 3a) -- Radiocarbon dates (2 & 3a) (Appendix 00) -- 4.4. Phase 3b: the second occupation of the broch -- 4.4.1. Structures and stratigraphy -- 4.4.2. Material culture -- Bronze artefacts (3b) -- Iron artefacts (3b) -- Lead artefacts (3b) -- Stone artefacts (3b) -- Roman pottery (3b) -- Roman glass vessels (3b) -- Roman bronze mirror (3b -- 876) (Appendix 11) -- Fired clay (3b) -- Wooden artefacts (3b) -- Bone and antler artefacts (3b) -- Miscellaneous objects (3b) -- 4.5. Phase 3c: the destruction of the broch -- 4.5.1. Stratigraphy -- 4.5.2. Material culture -- Bronze artefacts (3c) -- Iron artefacts (3c) -- Lead artefacts (3c) -- Stone artefacts (3c) -- Roman coins (3c) -- Roman pottery and glass vessels (3c) (Appendix 0) -- Roman glass ornaments (3c) -- Iron Age glass ornaments (3c) (Appendix 00) -- Fired clay (3c) -- Wood and grain (3c) -- Bone (3c) -- Miscellaneous (3c) (including, flint, quartz etc.) -- 4.6. Phase 4b: the post-broch roundhouse -- 4.6.1. Structures and stratigraphy -- 4.6.2. Material culture -- Bronze artefacts (4b) -- Iron artefacts (4b) -- Lead artefacts (4b) -- Stone artefacts (4b) -- Roman imports (4b): 1. The north external midden -- Roman imports (4b): 2. The interior floor layer -- Native glass ornaments (4b) -- Artefacts of fired clay (4b) -- Bone artefacts (4b) -- 4.7. Phase 5: the unfinished promontory fort -- 4.7.1. Structures and stratigraphy -- 4.7.2. Material culture -- 4.8. Phase 6: the abandoned site -- 4.9. Unstratified finds -- Bronze artefacts -- Iron artefacts -- Lead artefacts -- Stone artefacts -- Glass artefacts -- Roman artefacts -- Fired clay artefacts -- Wooden artefacts -- 4.10. Daily life at Leckie -- 4.10.1. Food -- 4.10.2. Transport, weapons and social status -- 4.10.3. Domestic activities -- 4.10.4. Games and ornaments -- signs of status? -- 4.10.5. Manual skills -- 4.10.6. Metalworking -- Bronze -- Iron -- Lead -- 4.10.7. A Last Intriguing Object -- Carved Pebble-Head (Illus.4.26) -- pt. 5 Bibliography and Appendices -- 5.1. Bibliography -- 5.2. Appendix 1: Introduction and on-line data -- 5.2.1. Change in Phases -- 5.2.2. Detailed information about the fieldwork.