Buried in the Borderlands.

• VerfasserIn: van Tongeren, Tim,
• Place / Publishing House: Oxford : : Archaeopress,, 2024.; ©2023.
• Year of Publication: 2024
• Edition: 1st ed.
• Language: English
• Physical Description: 1 online resource (562 pages)

This book is the result of a large-scale yet detailed study of early medieval grave furnishings from the Netherlands, aiming at the creation of a comprehensive artefact typology and updated relative chronology for this under-explored period in the Low Countries.

Table of Contents

• Cover
• Title Page
• Copyright page
• Acknowledgements
• Contents Page
• Introduction
• Historiography
• Cemetery research and publications
• Germany - The Franken Arbeitsgruppe
• Germany - Siegmund
• Typological studies
• England - Evison and Brugmann
• England - Hines and Bayliss
• France - Legoux, Périn and Vallet
• Germany - Koch
• Artefact type-specific schemes
• The Netherlands in the early medieval period
• Conversion in Gaul during the Roman period
• Conversion in the Frankish Empire
• Maastricht as a bishopric
• The first bishop of Maastricht?
• Spread of Christianity along the river Meuse
• Christianisation of the southwestern Netherlands
• Frankish interest in the central Netherlands
• Frisian settlement in the northern Netherlands
• Expansion of the Frisian empire
• Tensions in the central river zone
• Conversion of the northern Netherlands
• The Carolingian kingdom
• Methodology
• Data collection
• Data selection
• Biological sex and gender identity
• Creating the spreadsheet for Correspondence Analysis
• Non-artefact data
• Using beads in Correspondence Analysis
• Correspondence Analysis
• Structuring the spreadsheets
• Revised dates based on data from the Netherlands
• Creating a new typology
• Phasing of the Dutch early medieval period
• Introduction to the cemeteries
• 1 - Oosterbeintum
• 2 - Wijster
• 3 - Zweeloo
• 4 - Katwijk
• 5 - Rijnsburg
• 6 - Valkenburg
• 7 - Den Haag
• 8 - Wageningen
• 9 - Elst
• 10 - Rhenen
• 11 - Lent
• 12 - Meerveldhoven
• 13 - Veldhoven
• 14 - Hoogeloon
• 15 - Bergeijk
• 16 - Posterholt
• 17 - Obbicht
• 18 - Sittard
• 19 - Stein
• 20 - Borgharen
• 21 - Maastricht
• The cemeteries that do not feature in the research
• A revised date for inhumations from the Netherlands
• A baseline date for each male-gender inhumation.
• Coins from- and absolute dates for male-gender inhumations
• Outcomes of Correspondence Analysis for the male-gender inhumations
• The expected outcome of Correspondence Analysis
• A baseline date for each female-gender inhumation
• Coins from female-gender inhumations
• Absolute dates from female-gender inhumations
• Outcomes of Correspondence Analysis for the female-gender inhumations
• Typology
• The structure of the typology
• Buckles and belt fittings
• BU-1: Late antique buckles
• BU-1a Animal head buckle with a moveable plate.
• BU-1b Animal head buckle with a fixed plate.
• BU-1c Belt sets with integrated buckle and chip-carved decoration.
• BU-2: Early Merovingian buckles
• BU-2a Early Merovingian buckles with a back-plate.
• BU-2b Buckles with a rectangular back-plate and applied garnet decoration.
• BU-3: Buckles without a back-plate
• BU-3a Buckles with a kidney-shaped loop.
• BU-3b Buckles with a circular loop
• BU-3c Buckles with an oval iron loop and damascene decoration.
• BU-3d Buckles with a club-shaped tongue.
• BU-3e Buckles with a shield-shaped tongue base.
• BU-3f Buckles with a mushroom-shaped tongue base.
• BU-3g Copper-alloy buckles with an iron tongue.
• BU-3h Buckles with a rectangular loop.
• BU-3i Copper-alloy shoe buckles with an oval loop.
• BU-3j Circular- or shield-shaped rivets
• BU-4: Copper-alloy belt fittings
• BU-4a Copper-alloy belt fittings with a decorated triangular back-plate.
• BU-4b Copper-alloy belt fittings with an undecorated triangular back-plate.
• BU-4c Copper-alloy belt fittings with an undecorated triangular back-plate and faux rivets
• BU-4d Copper-alloy belt fittings with a profiled triangular back-plate and cast animal-style decoration.
• BU-4e Copper-alloy belt fittings with cut-away decoration and garnet inlay.
• BU-4f Buckles of copper-alloy with an outline back-plate
• BU-4g Copper-alloy buckles with a triangular back-plate and foil inlay
• BU-4h Buckles with a tongue-shaped backplate, hinge construction and degenerated animal style decoration.
• BU-4i Buckles with a round back-plate and stamped decoration
• BU-4j Small buckles with a fixed triangular back-plate.
• BU-4k Small buckles with a fixed round back-plate.
• BU-4l Small belt fittings with a rectangular loop and a fixed triangular or bar-shaped back-plate.
• BU-5: Iron belt fittings
• BU-5a Iron belt fittings with a semi-circular back-plate.
• BU-5b Iron belt fittings with a roughly triangular back-plate and four or more rivets.
• BU-5c Iron belt fitting with a roughly triangular back-plate and three rivets.
• BU-5d Iron belt fittings with a triangular back-plate and damascene decoration in geometric style.
• BU-5e Iron belt fittings with a triangular back-plate and polychrome damascene decoration in animal-style.
• BU-5f Iron belt fittings with a triangular back-plate with polychrome damascene decoration in degenerated animal-style.
• BU-5g Belt fittings of type 'Ophoven'.
• BU-5h Buckles with a hinge bar and a folded rectangular back-plate.
• BU-5i Shoe buckles with polychrome decoration.
• Pottery
• PO-1: Biconical vessels with a concave upper wall
• PO-1a Large biconical vessels with a strongly concave upper wall.
• PO-1b Biconical vessels with a slightly concave upper wall.
• PO-1c Small biconical vessels with a concave upper wall.
• PO-2: Biconical vessels with a straight upper wall
• PO-2a Biconical vessels - undecorated.
• PO-2b Biconical vessels - undecorated - slender
• PO-2c Small biconical vessels made of undecorated coarse ware.
• PO-2d Biconical vessels with incised lines and rosette stamp decoration.
• PO-2e Biconical vessels with a straight upper wall and single stamp decoration
• PO-2f Biconical vessels with a decoration of horizontal incised lines.
• PO-2g Biconical vessels with a combined decoration of horizontal incised lines and incised waves
• PO-2h Biconical vessels with decoration and a foot ring
• PO-2i Biconical vessels with a double-ribbed upper wall
• PO-2j Biconical vessels of made of coarse ware with a rounded carination
• PO-3: Biconical vessels with a straight upper wall and roulette stamp decoration
• PO-3a Biconical vessels with a single-line roulette stamp decoration of rectangular or square impressions
• PO-3b Biconical vessels with a multi-line roulette stamp decoration of rectangular or square impressions
• PO-3c Biconical vessels with a roulette stamp decoration of triangles or chevrons.
• PO-3d Biconical vessels with a complex interrupted roulette stamp decoration.
• PO-3e Biconical vessels with a complex uninterrupted roulette stamp decoration.
• PO-3f Biconical vessels with a complex uninterrupted roulette stamp decoration - slender
• PO-4: Ovoid vessels
• PO-4a Ovoid vessels with a large opening and incised decoration - no gallery
• PO-4b Ovoid vessels with an egg-shaped body and a coarse rim - no gallery
• PO-4c Ovoid vessels with a bowl-shaped body and a coarse rim - no gallery
• PO-4d Ovoid vessels with a particularly broad or narrow shape and a refined rim - no gallery
• PO-4e Large ovoid vessels - no gallery
• PO-4f Ovoid vessels with a heart-shaped profile and a narrow base - with a gallery
• PO-4g Ovoid vessels with a roughly heart-shaped profile and a broad base - with a gallery
• PO-4h Ovoid vessels with a rounded or globular shape - with a gallery
• PO-4i Ovoid vessels with a barrel- or egg shape - with a gallery
• PO-4j Large ovoid vessels with a barrel- or egg shape - with a gallery.
• PO-4k Rounded vessels with a high shoulder and incised decoration - with a gallery
• PO-4l Large vessels with a high shoulder and incised decoration - no gallery
• PO-5: Anglo-Saxon pottery
• PO-5a Anglo-Saxon pottery
• PO-6: Bowls
• PO-6a Bowls with a pedestal and a s-shaped profile - reduced bake
• PO-6b Gallo-Roman bowls of Samian ware 'Chenet 320'
• PO-6c Gallo-Roman bowls of Samian ware 'Brulet 414'
• PO-6d Flat bowls with a foot ring and a horizontal rim
• PO-6e Conical bowls with a rough surface, flat base and an inverted rim
• PO-6f Biconical bowls with a strongly concave upper wall and a flat base
• PO-6g Biconical bowls with a straight- or slightly concave upper wall and a flat base
• PO-6h Biconical bowls with a pedestal and a straight upper wall - oxidised bake
• PO-6i Biconical bowls of coarse ware with a pedestal and an undercut rim
• PO-6j Biconical bowls with a straight upper wall, a smooth surface and a flat base
• PO-6k Biconical bowls of red-painted ware (Frankish Samian ware)
• PO-6l Rounded bowls of red-painted ware (Frankish Samian ware)
• PO-6m Bowls with carinated walls and a foot stand
• PO-7: Jugs
• PO-7a Trefoil jugs - slender
• PO-7b Trefoil jugs - broad
• PO-7c Biconical jugs
• PO-7d Jugs with a broad neck, a round opening and a single handle
• PO-7e Jugs with a narrow neck and a single handle
• PO-7f Pitchers with an extremely broad neck and a single handle
• PO-8: Bottles
• PO-8a Bottles with a narrow neck
• PO-9: Hand formed pottery
• PO-9a Vessels with perforated lugs
• PO-9b Hand formed rounded vessels
• PO-9c Hand formed biconical vessels
• PO-9d Hand formed bowls
• PO-9e Hand formed beakers
• PO-9f Hand formed cups with a handle
• PO-9g Hand formed vessels with 'noses'
• PO-10: Miscellaneous vessels
• PO-10a Ribbed beakers without a pronounced foot.
• PO-10b Ribbed beakers with a pronounced foot.