Illicit Trafficking of Cultural Properties in Arab States.

• Author: Al Khabour, Anas.
• Place / Publishing House: Oxford : : Archaeopress,, 2022.; ©2022.
• Year of Publication: 2023; 2022
• Edition: 1st ed.
• Language: English
• Physical Description: 1 online resource (210 pages)

Offering an overview of the phenomenon of illicit trafficking of cultural properties, this book serves as a reference point for governments, enforcement agencies, international organizations, stakeholders, and civil societies. The geographic focus is the Arab World: the countries in the Middle East,...

Table of Contents

• Cover
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Contents
• List of figures, tables and maps
• Map 1. Map of Arab States (from the Arab League)
• Table 1. Looting in Syrian sites by dominant forces according to Satellite Imagery (evidence based on Casana 2015: 152)
• Figure 1. Omayyad golden coin on Alathar sale
• Figure 2. An artifact from Iraq posted on Mzad Qatar on August 6, 2021.
• Figure 3. An artifact from Yemen posted on Mzad Qatar on August 6, 2021.
• Figure 4. Commission on advertising on the site of Athar Sale in Saudi Arabia.
• Figure 5. The three parts of the Internet (from Janssen 2021).
• Figure 6. Number of Arab, ME or North African Cultural Artefacts in one 2021 Auction Catalogue
• Figure 7. Estimate Starting Price for Arab, ME or North African Cultural Artefacts in one 2021 Auction Catalogue
• Figure 8. Objects by Number of Named Previous Owners
• Figure 9. Representation of ALR Checks on Objects by Culture
• Figure 10. Objects by Recorded History in Europe
• Figure 11. Distribution of Risk Objects by Type
• Figure 12. Number of Risk Objects by Material
• Figure 13. Distribution of Material Finds by Metal
• Map 2. Map of the routes taken from Libya to Spain (from ABC Spain).
• Figure 14. Date and number of seized objects in Algeria
• Map 3. Location of cultural properties seizures in Algeria
• Map 4. Location of cultural properties seizures in Egypt
• Figure 15. Date and number of seized objects in Egypt
• Map 5. Location of cultural properties seizures in Iraq
• Figure 16. Date and number of seized objects in Iraq
• Map 6. Location of cultural properties seizures in Jordan
• Figure 17. Date and number of seized objects in Jordan
• Figure 18. Date and number of seized objects in Kuwait
• Map 7. Location of cultural properties seizures in Kuwait
• Map 8. Location of cultural properties seizures in Lebanon.
• Figure 19. Date and number of seized objects in Lebanon
• Map 9. Location of cultural properties seizures in Libya
• Figure 20. Date and number of seized objects in Libya
• Map 10. Location of cultural properties seizures in Mauritania
• Map 11. Location of cultural properties seizures in Morocco
• Figure 21. Date and number of seized objects in Morocco
• Map 12. Location of cultural properties seizures in Oman
• Map 13. Location of cultural properties seizures in Palestine
• Figure 22. Date and number of seized objects in Palestine
• Map 14. Location of cultural properties seizures in Qatar
• Figure 23. Date and number of seized objects in Qatar
• Map 15. Location of cultural properties seizures in Saudi Arabia
• Figure 24. Date and number of seized objects in Saudi Arabia
• Map 16. Location of cultural properties seizures in Sudan
• Figure 25. Date and number of seized objects in Sudan
• Map 17. Location of cultural properties seizures in Syria
• Figure 26. Date and number of seized objects in Syria
• Map 18. Location of cultural properties seizures in Tunisia
• Figure 27. Date and number of seized objects in Tunisia
• Map 19. Location of cultural properties seizures in United Arab Emirates
• Figure 28. Date and number of seized objects in United Arab Emirates
• Map 20. Location of cultural properties seizures in Yemen
• Figure 29. Date and number of seized objects in Yemen
• Table 2. Summary of antiquities seizures in Arab States, 2000-2021
• Figure 30. Seizures in Arab States, from least to most
• Map 21. Sudan and South Sudan
• Map 22. Djibouti map
• Map 23. Somalia
• Figure 31. Leadership of Abu Sayyaf.
• Figure 32. 4,929 stolen objects from the Arab States, reported to the INTERPOL
• Figure 33. Arab States in accordance with the number of reported stolen objects.
• Figure 34. Chart shows artefacts from Arab States: Carabinieri TPC Actions
• Map 24. States and number of stolen objects.
• Table 3. List of artefacts from Arab States: Carabinieri TPC Actions
• Table 4. The four stages of antiquities trafficking (inspired by Campbell 2013).
• Figure 35. ID-ART, INTERPOL.
• Table 5. The UNESCO Convention on the means of prohibiting and preventing the illicit import, export and transfer of ownership of cultural property.28
• Table 6. UNIDROIT Convention on stolen or illegally exported cultural objects.29
• Table 7. 1954 Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict and its two (1954 and 1999) Protocols, Status of Ratification.30
• Foreword
• Acknowledgments
• الإتجار غير المشروع بالممتلكات الثقافية في الدول العربية
• Abstract
• Abrégé
• خلاصة
• Summary
• Résumé
• List of abbreviations
• Chapter One Introduction
• Background
• Objectives and research questions
• Terminology
• Arab States
• Source countries
• Transit countries
• Market countries
• Source-market countries
• Source-transit countries
• Due diligence
• Illicit trafficking or illicit trade
• Good faith ('bona fide')
• Cultural properties
• Trafficking
• Looting
• Theft
• Black Market
• Gray Market
• White Market
• Geographic region of the study
• Structure of this research
• References
• Chapter Two Methodology
• Data collection
• Mapping trafficking routes
• Satellite imagery
• Risk markets
• References
• Chapter Three Online platforms and auctions: online trafficking of cultural properties
• Deep and Dark Web and antiquities sales
• Online marketplaces: eBay, Telegram and Facebook
• References
• Chapter Four Risk markets and the 'end destination' concept
• Introduction
• Methodology: quantified risk analysis for looted objects on art markets.
• The 2018 Swedish study
• The 2021 preliminary probe
• Provenance
• Conclusion
• References
• Chapter Five Mapping routes of illicit trafficking of cultural properties
• Antiquities trafficking routes in Arab States
• Methodology
• Mapping seizures in Arab States
• Algeria
• Egypt
• Iraq
• Jordan
• Kuwait
• Lebanon
• Libya
• Mauritania
• Morocco
• Oman
• Palestine
• Qatar
• Saudi Arabia
• Sudan
• Syria
• Tunisia
• United Arab Emirates
• Yemen
• Analysis
• References
• Chapter Six Illicit trafficking of cultural properties and financing of terrorism
• Connection to organized crime
• Illicit trafficking and armed conflict
• ISIS and illicit trafficking
• Impact on archaeological context and knowledge
• Provenance
• Fakes and forgeries
• References
• Chapter Seven Measuring illicit trafficking of cultural properties
• The Arab Spring and illicit trafficking
• Typology of looted and stolen antiquities
• Smuggling networks
• Trafficking stages
• Museums and stolen antiquities
• Tools and databases of stolen and missing cultural properties
• References
• Chapter Eight Arab States and the international conventions on combating illicit trafficking of cult
• Legislative Context
• National-level antiquities laws in the Arab Region
• Arab States and the 1970 UNESCO Convention
• References
• Chapter Nine Conclusion
• Recommendations
• Annex 1 References
• Annex 2 List of Antiquities Laws in Arab States
• Annex 3 Seizures of antiquities in Arab States
• Algeria
• Egypt
• Iraq
• Kuwait
• Libya
• Lebanon
• Mauritania
• Morocco
• Oman
• Palestine/Israel
• Qatar
• Saudi Arabia:
• Sudan
• Syria
• Tunisia
• United Arab Emirates
• Yemen.