Illicit Trafficking of Cultural Properties in Arab States.

• Author: Al Khabour, Anas.
• Place / Publishing House: Oxford : : Archaeopress,, 2022.; ©2022.
• Year of Publication: 2023; 2022
• Edition: 1st ed.
• Language: English
• Physical Description: 1 online resource (210 pages)

Offering an overview of the phenomenon of illicit trafficking of cultural properties, this book serves as a reference point for governments, enforcement agencies, international organizations, stakeholders, and civil societies. The geographic focus is the Arab World: the countries in the Middle East, Gulf of Arabia, Horn of Africa and North Africa.

Table of Contents

Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- List of figures, tables and maps -- Map 1. Map of Arab States (from the Arab League) -- Table 1. Looting in Syrian sites by dominant forces according to Satellite Imagery (evidence based on Casana 2015: 152) -- Figure 1. Omayyad golden coin on Alathar sale -- Figure 2. An artifact from Iraq posted on Mzad Qatar on August 6, 2021. -- Figure 3. An artifact from Yemen posted on Mzad Qatar on August 6, 2021. -- Figure 4. Commission on advertising on the site of Athar Sale in Saudi Arabia. -- Figure 5. The three parts of the Internet (from Janssen 2021). -- Figure 6. Number of Arab, ME or North African Cultural Artefacts in one 2021 Auction Catalogue -- Figure 7. Estimate Starting Price for Arab, ME or North African Cultural Artefacts in one 2021 Auction Catalogue -- Figure 8. Objects by Number of Named Previous Owners -- Figure 9. Representation of ALR Checks on Objects by Culture -- Figure 10. Objects by Recorded History in Europe -- Figure 11. Distribution of Risk Objects by Type -- Figure 12. Number of Risk Objects by Material -- Figure 13. Distribution of Material Finds by Metal -- Map 2. Map of the routes taken from Libya to Spain (from ABC Spain). -- Figure 14. Date and number of seized objects in Algeria -- Map 3. Location of cultural properties seizures in Algeria -- Map 4. Location of cultural properties seizures in Egypt -- Figure 15. Date and number of seized objects in Egypt -- Map 5. Location of cultural properties seizures in Iraq -- Figure 16. Date and number of seized objects in Iraq -- Map 6. Location of cultural properties seizures in Jordan -- Figure 17. Date and number of seized objects in Jordan -- Figure 18. Date and number of seized objects in Kuwait -- Map 7. Location of cultural properties seizures in Kuwait -- Map 8. Location of cultural properties seizures in Lebanon.

Figure 19. Date and number of seized objects in Lebanon -- Map 9. Location of cultural properties seizures in Libya -- Figure 20. Date and number of seized objects in Libya -- Map 10. Location of cultural properties seizures in Mauritania -- Map 11. Location of cultural properties seizures in Morocco -- Figure 21. Date and number of seized objects in Morocco -- Map 12. Location of cultural properties seizures in Oman -- Map 13. Location of cultural properties seizures in Palestine -- Figure 22. Date and number of seized objects in Palestine -- Map 14. Location of cultural properties seizures in Qatar -- Figure 23. Date and number of seized objects in Qatar -- Map 15. Location of cultural properties seizures in Saudi Arabia -- Figure 24. Date and number of seized objects in Saudi Arabia -- Map 16. Location of cultural properties seizures in Sudan -- Figure 25. Date and number of seized objects in Sudan -- Map 17. Location of cultural properties seizures in Syria -- Figure 26. Date and number of seized objects in Syria -- Map 18. Location of cultural properties seizures in Tunisia -- Figure 27. Date and number of seized objects in Tunisia -- Map 19. Location of cultural properties seizures in United Arab Emirates -- Figure 28. Date and number of seized objects in United Arab Emirates -- Map 20. Location of cultural properties seizures in Yemen -- Figure 29. Date and number of seized objects in Yemen -- Table 2. Summary of antiquities seizures in Arab States, 2000-2021 -- Figure 30. Seizures in Arab States, from least to most -- Map 21. Sudan and South Sudan -- Map 22. Djibouti map -- Map 23. Somalia -- Figure 31. Leadership of Abu Sayyaf. -- Figure 32. 4,929 stolen objects from the Arab States, reported to the INTERPOL -- Figure 33. Arab States in accordance with the number of reported stolen objects.

Figure 34. Chart shows artefacts from Arab States: Carabinieri TPC Actions -- Map 24. States and number of stolen objects. -- Table 3. List of artefacts from Arab States: Carabinieri TPC Actions -- Table 4. The four stages of antiquities trafficking (inspired by Campbell 2013). -- Figure 35. ID-ART, INTERPOL. -- Table 5. The UNESCO Convention on the means of prohibiting and preventing the illicit import, export and transfer of ownership of cultural property.28 -- Table 6. UNIDROIT Convention on stolen or illegally exported cultural objects.29 -- Table 7. 1954 Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict and its two (1954 and 1999) Protocols, Status of Ratification.30 -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- الإتجار غير المشروع بالممتلكات الثقافية في الدول العربية -- Abstract -- Abrégé -- خلاصة -- Summary -- Résumé -- List of abbreviations -- Chapter One Introduction -- Background -- Objectives and research questions -- Terminology -- Arab States -- Source countries -- Transit countries -- Market countries -- Source-market countries -- Source-transit countries -- Due diligence -- Illicit trafficking or illicit trade -- Good faith ('bona fide') -- Cultural properties -- Trafficking -- Looting -- Theft -- Black Market -- Gray Market -- White Market -- Geographic region of the study -- Structure of this research -- References -- Chapter Two Methodology -- Data collection -- Mapping trafficking routes -- Satellite imagery -- Risk markets -- References -- Chapter Three Online platforms and auctions: online trafficking of cultural properties -- Deep and Dark Web and antiquities sales -- Online marketplaces: eBay, Telegram and Facebook -- References -- Chapter Four Risk markets and the 'end destination' concept -- Introduction -- Methodology: quantified risk analysis for looted objects on art markets.

The 2018 Swedish study -- The 2021 preliminary probe -- Provenance -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter Five Mapping routes of illicit trafficking of cultural properties -- Antiquities trafficking routes in Arab States -- Methodology -- Mapping seizures in Arab States -- Algeria -- Egypt -- Iraq -- Jordan -- Kuwait -- Lebanon -- Libya -- Mauritania -- Morocco -- Oman -- Palestine -- Qatar -- Saudi Arabia -- Sudan -- Syria -- Tunisia -- United Arab Emirates -- Yemen -- Analysis -- References -- Chapter Six Illicit trafficking of cultural properties and financing of terrorism -- Connection to organized crime -- Illicit trafficking and armed conflict -- ISIS and illicit trafficking -- Impact on archaeological context and knowledge -- Provenance -- Fakes and forgeries -- References -- Chapter Seven Measuring illicit trafficking of cultural properties -- The Arab Spring and illicit trafficking -- Typology of looted and stolen antiquities -- Smuggling networks -- Trafficking stages -- Museums and stolen antiquities -- Tools and databases of stolen and missing cultural properties -- References -- Chapter Eight Arab States and the international conventions on combating illicit trafficking of cult -- Legislative Context -- National-level antiquities laws in the Arab Region -- Arab States and the 1970 UNESCO Convention -- References -- Chapter Nine Conclusion -- Recommendations -- Annex 1 References -- Annex 2 List of Antiquities Laws in Arab States -- Annex 3 Seizures of antiquities in Arab States -- Algeria -- Egypt -- Iraq -- Kuwait -- Libya -- Lebanon -- Mauritania -- Morocco -- Oman -- Palestine/Israel -- Qatar -- Saudi Arabia: -- Sudan -- Syria -- Tunisia -- United Arab Emirates -- Yemen.