Sources of International Law.

• Superior document: Developments in International Law Series ; v.27
• Author: Degan, V. D.
• Place / Publishing House: Boston : : BRILL,, 1997.; ©1997.
• Year of Publication: 1997
• Edition: 1st ed.
• Language: English
• Series: Developments in International Law Series
• Physical Description: 1 online resource (582 pages)

Table of Contents

Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- Table of Contents -- CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION -- 1. Different meanings of the term "sources of law" -- 2. Law-creating processes and law-determining agencies -- CHAPTER II. GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF LAW (A Source of General International Law) -- 3. Various doctrinal views -- A. HISTORICAL EXPLANATION -- 4. Jus gentium in Roman law -- 5. St. Thomas Aquinas on Eternal, Divine, natural and positive law -- 6. Hugo Grotius on the law of nature and voluntary law -- 7. Vattel's views of natural law -- 8. The main features of positivism since 19th century -- 9. General principles of law in early arbitral awards -- 10. General principles of law in the Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 -- B. GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF LAW AND THE HAGUE COURT -- 11. Travaux préparatoires on Article 38 of the Court's Statute -- 12. A survey of practice of the two Hague Courts -- 13. Meaning of the qualification: "recognized by civilized nations". -- C. THE CONTENT AND SCOPE OF GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF LAW -- 14. General principles as a prerequisite of the existence of a legal order -- 15. State sovereignty v. general principles of law -- 16. The so-called "fundamental principles of international law" -- 17. The rules of legal reasoning and legal principles -- 18. Analogy in international law -- 19. Dynamic elements in general principles of law -- 20. General principles of law and new problems of legal regulations -- APPENDIX -- 21. General principles of law in transnational law -- 22. General principles of law in supranational law -- 23. Summing up -- CHAPTER III. CUSTOMARY INTERNATIONAL LAW -- 24. Common features of custom in international law -- 25. Two elements of customary legal rules -- 26. The first element: practice. Practice by whom?.

27. Density, uniformity and consistency of practice -- 28. The element of time -- 29. The quality of practice -- 30. The second element: opinio juris sive necessitatis -- 31. Material sources and documentary evidences of customary law -- 32. Conclusion: custom as a social process -- CHAPTER IV. CUSTOMARY RULES OF GENERAL INTERNATIONAL LAW -- 33. Formation of general customary rules -- 34. Gradual customary process -- 35. Articulated customary process -- 36. Judicial decisions -- 37. Unilateral acts and attitudes of States -- 38. Resolutions of the UN General Assembly -- 39. Codification conventions -- 40. Law declaratory rules -- 41. Law crystallizing rules -- 42. Law generating rules -- 43. Contractual provisions in conventions on codification -- 44. Jus cogens in general customary international law -- 45. Jus dispositivum in general customary law -- 46. Summing up -- CHAPTER V. PARTICULAR CUSTOMARY LEGAL RULES -- 47. The notion of particular custom -- 48. Local custom -- 49. Regional custom -- 50. Special custom within treaty relations -- 51. Conclusion -- CHAPTER VI. UNILATERAL ACT AS A SOURCE OF PARTICULAR INTERNATIONAL LAW -- A. DOCTRINAL CONTROVERSIES ON UNILATERAL ACTS -- 52. Introduction -- 53. Development of basic legal concepts -- 54. Unilateral acts in modern doctrine and practice of international law -- 55. Summing up -- B. THE CAPACITY OF MAKING UNILATERAL ACTS -- 56. States and belligerents -- 57. Special case of acts of international organizations -- C. UNILATERAL ACTS AND TREATIES -- 58. Introduction -- 59. Unilateral acts within the treaty-making and treaty-executing process -- 60. Unilateral acts provided by treaties -- D. VARIOUS CATEGORIES OF UNILATERAL ACTS IN RELATION TO INTERNATIONAL LAW -- 61. Introduction -- 62. Conditions of validity of a unilateral act -- 63. Promise.

64. A special case: Optional-clause system under Article 36(2) of the Statute of the Hague Court -- 65. Waiver -- 66. Unilateral acts creating new rights for States -- 67. Occupation of terra nullius -- 68. Prescription and historic titles -- 69. Unilateral acts in the present law of the sea -- CHAPTER VII. OPPOSABLE SITUATIONS IN INTERNATIONAL LAW -- 70. Notion of opposability -- 71. Recognition -- 72. Protest -- 73. Acquiescence -- CHAPTER VIII. TREATY AS A SOURCE OF PARTICULAR INTERNATIONAL LAW -- 74. Preliminaries -- 75. The concept of treaty -- 76. The so-called "political agreements" -- A. PARTIES TO A TREATY -- 77. State -- 78. International organizations -- 79. Internationalized territories -- 80. Belligerents -- 81. Parties to a contract -- B. EFFECTS OF A TREATY -- 82. The principle pacta sunt servanda and its scope of application -- 83. Effects of a treaty upon its parties and their organs -- 84. Effects of a treaty in relations between its parties -- 85. Effects of a treaty upon thirds -- C. TREATY AS A DYNAMIC SOURCE OF INTERNATIONAL LAW -- 86. Conflict of treaties relating to the same subject-matter -- 87. Modification of treaties (peaceful change) -- 88. Suspension of the operation, termination of and withdrawal from a treaty -- 89. Mutuus dissensus -- 90. Termination of a treaty by operation of its own clauses -- 91. Impossibility of performance -- 92. Material breach of a treaty -- D. APPLICATION OF LEGAL RULES ON SOME TYPES OF TREATIES -- 93. On classifications of treaties -- 94. Written and oral agreements -- 95. Bilateral and multilateral treaties -- 96. Traité-contrat and traité-loi -- 97. Treaties constituting international organizations -- 98. The obligation to negotiate (pactum de contrahendo) -- CHAPTER IX. CONCLUSION -- 99. General remarks.

100. Relationship between various sources, especially between treaty and custom -- SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY -- TABLE OF CASES -- INDEX OF AUTHORS CITED -- SUBJECT INDEX.