The Iran-United States Claims Tribunal.

The Iran-United States Claims Tribunal.

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Bibliographic Details
:
Brower, Charles N.
TeilnehmendeR:
Brueschke, Jason D.
Place / Publishing House:Boston : : BRILL,, 1998.
©1998.
Year of Publication:1998
Edition:1st ed.
Language:English
Physical Description:1 online resource (953 pages)
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Table of Contents:
  • Intro
  • Title Page
  • Copyright Page
  • Dedication
  • About the Authors
  • Note on the Form of Citation of Tribunal Cases
  • Table of Contents
  • Preface
  • Acknowledgments
  • PART I THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE IRAN-UNITED STATES CLAIMS TRIBUNAL
  • Chapter 1: The Genesis, Structure, Organization and Nature of the Tribunal
  • A. The Genesis of the Tribunal: The Iranian Revolution and the Hostage Crises
  • B. The Structure and Organization of the Tribunal
  • C. The Nature of the Tribunal
  • D. The Tribunal Rules: Modification of the UNCITRAL Rules
  • E. The Formative Early Decisions of the Tribunal
  • F. The Early Challenges that Confronted the Tribunal
  • Chapter 2: The Jurisdiction of the Tribunal
  • A. Nationals of Iran and the United States
  • 1. Choice of Law For Determining Nationality
  • 2. Natural Persons
  • 3. Dual Nationals
  • 4. Corporations
  • a. Proof of Place of Organization
  • b. Proof of Share Ownership
  • 5. Non-Stock Corporations
  • 6. Partnerships
  • 7. Application of the Dominant and Effective Nationality Test to Juridical Persons
  • B. Limitations on Claims of Nationals
  • 1. Subject Matter Jurisdiction
  • 2. Forum Selection Clauses
  • 3. Claims Relating to the Hostages and to Popular Movements of the Islamic Revolution
  • 4. Continuous Nationality
  • a. The Basic Requirement
  • b. Assignment of Claims
  • 5. Claims Not "Outstanding" on 19 January 1981
  • 6. Claims Filed After 19 January 1982
  • C. Limitations on Proper Respondents
  • 1. Government Control Over Respondent Entities
  • 2. Corresponding Exclusion of Claims Against Nationals
  • D. Other Classes of Claims
  • 1. Counterclaims
  • 2. Interpretative Disputes ("A" claims)
  • 3. Intergovernmental Claims ("B" claims)
  • 4. Indirect Claims
  • a. Indirect Ownership
  • b. Beneficial Ownership of Claims
  • 5. Small versus Large Claims.
  • E. Jurisdiction over Awards on Agreed Terms
  • PART II CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE IRAN-UNITED STATES CLAIMS TRIBUNAL TO INTERNATIONAL ARBITRATION
  • Chapter 3: Arbitrators - Panel Composition and Failure to Act
  • A. Designation of Chamber Composition by the President
  • B. Limited Substitution of Members
  • 1. Tribunal Rules
  • 2. General Grounds for Member Substitution
  • 3. Substitution Following the Successful Challenge of an Arbitrator in a Particular Case
  • 4. Substitution Due to Temporary Absences
  • 5. Disqualification
  • 6. Ad Hoc Substitution Arrangements
  • 7. The Use of a Special Chamber
  • C. Replacement of Arbitrators
  • 1. Resignation - Procedure for Transition
  • a. Mechanism for Submitting Resignation
  • b. Participation Following Resignation - The Mosk Rule
  • (1) The Mosk Rule and its General Application
  • (2) How Application of the Mosk Rule is Determined
  • (3) Impact of the Mosk Rule
  • 2. Replacement Upon Agreement to a Challenge of an Arbitrator in his General Capacity or Upon Withdrawal Following Such a General Challenge
  • D. Conclusions
  • Chapter 4: The Appointing Authority and Challenges
  • A. Selection of the Appointing Authority
  • B. Functions of the Appointing Authority
  • 1. Appointment of Members
  • 2. Designation of the President
  • 3. Ruling on Challenges
  • a. The Exclusive Power of the Appointing Authority
  • b. Specific Challenges
  • (1) Iran's Challenge of Judge Mangård
  • (2) The United States' Challenge of Judges Kashani and Shafeiei
  • (3) Iran's Challenge of Judge Briner in Amoco Iran Oil Company
  • (4) Iran's and the National Iranian Oil Company's Challenge of President Briner Following the Award in Phillips Petroleum Company Iran
  • (5) Iran's Third Challenge of President Briner
  • (6) Claimant's Challenge of Judge Noori in Roy P.M. Carlson
  • (7) Iran's Challenge of Judge Arangio-Ruiz
  • C. Conclusions.
  • Chapter 5: Evidentiary Considerations
  • A. Evidentiary Standards
  • 1. Interested Party Testimony
  • 2. Preference for Documentary Evidence
  • 3. Affidavit Evidence
  • 4. Oral Testimony
  • 5. Adverse Inferences
  • 6. Need for Rules of Evidence
  • B. Tribunal-Appointed Experts
  • C. Unauthorized and Late-Filed Documents
  • 1. The Character and Contents of the Submission
  • 2. The Length and Cause of the Delay
  • Chapter 6: Interim Measures of Protection
  • A. Legal Bases for Interim Protection
  • B. Requirements for Granting Interim Protection
  • 1. Prima Facie Jurisdiction
  • 2. The Urgency of the Request
  • a. Ordinary Provisional Measures
  • b. Temporary Restraining Measures
  • 3. Irreparable Prejudice/Irreparable Harm
  • 4. Protecting the Tribunal's Jurisdiction - Stays of Proceedings in Other Fora
  • 5. New Facts and Changed Circumstances
  • 6. The Full Tribunal's Denial of Iran's Request in Cases Nos. A15(IV) and A24
  • C. Compliance and Enforcement
  • Chapter 7: Reconsideration and Reopening of Awards
  • A. Post-Award Procedures Under the Tribunal Rules
  • B. The Issue of Inherent Authority to Reopen and Reconsider Awards
  • 1. The Decision in Dames and Moore
  • 2. The Award in Gordon Williams
  • 3. The Awards in Phillips Petroleum Company Iran and Case No. A25
  • 4. The Decision in Gloria J. Cherafat
  • 5. The Decision in Ram Industries
  • C. Conclusions
  • PART III CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE IRAN-UNITED STATES CLAIMS TRIBUNAL TO PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW
  • Chapter 8: Treaty Interpretation
  • A. Restrictive Interpretation
  • B. The Parties' Intent and the Object and Purpose of the Treaty
  • C. Additional Interpretative Sources
  • D. Conclusions
  • Chapter 9: Claims of Dual Nationals
  • A. Adoption of the Dominant and Effective Nationality Test
  • B. Meaning of the Caveat: The Relevance of Dual Nationality to the Merits of a Claim.
  • 1. Concurring Opinions in Case No. A18
  • 2. Tribunal Practice and Precedent
  • 3. Toward the Future: Arguments of the Parties
  • a. Relevant Iranian Law
  • b. Estoppel
  • c. Bad Faith or Unclean Hands
  • d. Abuse of Rights
  • e. Lack of Notice
  • C. Conclusions
  • Chapter 10: Exchange Controls
  • A. Rights and Obligations Under the Treaty of Amity and the Fund Agreement
  • 1. Exchange Restrictions in the Treaty of Amity
  • 2. Fund Agreement
  • B. Iranian Currency Exchange Regulations
  • C. The Approach of the Tribunal
  • 1. Issues Collateral to the Validity of the Exchange Regulations
  • 2. The Validity of the Iranian Currency Regulations Under the Fund Agreement and the Treaty of Amity
  • D. Conclusions
  • Chapter 11: Wrongful Expulsion
  • A. Factual Background
  • B. Preliminary Issues: Procedure, Jurisdiction and Choice of Law
  • 1. Procedure
  • 2. Jurisdiction
  • 3. Choice of Law
  • C. Substantive Issues
  • D. Conclusions
  • PART IV THE CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE IRAN-UNITED STATES CLAIMS TRIBUNAL TO THE CONCEPTS OF LIABILITY AND COMPENSATION IN TAKINGS DOCTRINE
  • Chapter 12: Actions Engaging State Responsibility for Expropriation and Other Measures Affecting Property Rights
  • A. The Common Historical Background to American Taking Claims Against Iran Arising Out of the Islamic Revolution
  • B. Actions Engaging State Responsibility for Expropriation and Measures Affecting Property Rights
  • 1. What Constitutes Property Rights
  • 2. Determining Whether a Taking has Occurred
  • a. Formal Expropriations
  • b. De facto Takings
  • 3. Acts Constituting a Taking
  • a. Seizure and Retention of Tangible Property
  • b. Bank Accounts
  • c. Businesses
  • (1) Government Appointment of Temporary Managers
  • (2) In the Absence of Government-Appointed Managers
  • (3) Loss of Income
  • (4) Interference with Contract Rights
  • (5) Unjust Enrichment and Quantum Meruit.
  • C. Determination of the Date of the Taking
  • 1. De Jure Takings
  • 2. De Facto Takings
  • D. Conclusions
  • Chapter 13: Responsibility of a Government for Takings
  • A. Attributability
  • 1. Acts of a Government and its Political Subdivisions
  • 2. Exercises of State Authority
  • 3. Acts of Controlled Entities
  • 4. Acts of Revolutionary Movements
  • B. Causation
  • C. Defenses to State Responsibility
  • 1. Use of Police Power
  • 2. Force Majeure
  • Chapter 14: The Standard of Compensation
  • A. Range of Remedies
  • B. Standard of Compensation
  • 1. Applicable Law
  • a. Customary International Law and the Treaty of Amity
  • b. The Standard Applicable to Dual Nationals
  • 2. Lawfulness of the Taking
  • a. Public Purpose and Non-Discrimination
  • b. Prompt Payment
  • c. Pacta sunt servanda and Stabilization Clauses
  • d. Compliance with Municipal Law
  • e. Lawfulness and the Treaty of Amity
  • f. Lawfulness and the Quantum of Compensation
  • C. The Tribunal's Application of the Standard of Compensation
  • 1. The Standard Under the Treaty of Amity
  • 2. The Standard Under Customary International Law
  • a. Expropriations of Discrete Property Interests
  • b. Large-Scale Nationalizations
  • D. Chamber Three's Award in Shahin Shaine Ebrahimi (Cases Nos. 44/46/47)
  • E. Conclusions
  • Chapter 15: Deriving a Quantum of Compensation from the Standard of Compensation
  • A. "Fair Market Value" as the "Full Equivalent" of the Property Taken
  • B. Factors Relevant in Determining Fair Market Value
  • 1. Acts Related to the Taking
  • 2. Prior Political, Social and Economic Conditions
  • 3. Events Subsequent to the Taking
  • C. Conclusions
  • Chapter 16: Value of Expropriated Business Entities
  • A. Determining Going Concern Status of a Business
  • B. Going Concern Value Versus Net Book Value
  • 1. Physical Assets, Debts and Liabilities.
  • 2. Goodwill and Future Prospects.

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