The Iran-United States Claims Tribunal.

• Author: Brower, Charles N.
• TeilnehmendeR: Brueschke, Jason D.
• Place / Publishing House: Boston : : BRILL,, 1998.; ©1998.
• Year of Publication: 1998
• Edition: 1st ed.
• Language: English
• Physical Description: 1 online resource (953 pages)

Table of Contents

Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- About the Authors -- Note on the Form of Citation of Tribunal Cases -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- PART I THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE IRAN-UNITED STATES CLAIMS TRIBUNAL -- Chapter 1: The Genesis, Structure, Organization and Nature of the Tribunal -- A. The Genesis of the Tribunal: The Iranian Revolution and the Hostage Crises -- B. The Structure and Organization of the Tribunal -- C. The Nature of the Tribunal -- D. The Tribunal Rules: Modification of the UNCITRAL Rules -- E. The Formative Early Decisions of the Tribunal -- F. The Early Challenges that Confronted the Tribunal -- Chapter 2: The Jurisdiction of the Tribunal -- A. Nationals of Iran and the United States -- 1. Choice of Law For Determining Nationality -- 2. Natural Persons -- 3. Dual Nationals -- 4. Corporations -- a. Proof of Place of Organization -- b. Proof of Share Ownership -- 5. Non-Stock Corporations -- 6. Partnerships -- 7. Application of the Dominant and Effective Nationality Test to Juridical Persons -- B. Limitations on Claims of Nationals -- 1. Subject Matter Jurisdiction -- 2. Forum Selection Clauses -- 3. Claims Relating to the Hostages and to Popular Movements of the Islamic Revolution -- 4. Continuous Nationality -- a. The Basic Requirement -- b. Assignment of Claims -- 5. Claims Not "Outstanding" on 19 January 1981 -- 6. Claims Filed After 19 January 1982 -- C. Limitations on Proper Respondents -- 1. Government Control Over Respondent Entities -- 2. Corresponding Exclusion of Claims Against Nationals -- D. Other Classes of Claims -- 1. Counterclaims -- 2. Interpretative Disputes ("A" claims) -- 3. Intergovernmental Claims ("B" claims) -- 4. Indirect Claims -- a. Indirect Ownership -- b. Beneficial Ownership of Claims -- 5. Small versus Large Claims.

E. Jurisdiction over Awards on Agreed Terms -- PART II CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE IRAN-UNITED STATES CLAIMS TRIBUNAL TO INTERNATIONAL ARBITRATION -- Chapter 3: Arbitrators - Panel Composition and Failure to Act -- A. Designation of Chamber Composition by the President -- B. Limited Substitution of Members -- 1. Tribunal Rules -- 2. General Grounds for Member Substitution -- 3. Substitution Following the Successful Challenge of an Arbitrator in a Particular Case -- 4. Substitution Due to Temporary Absences -- 5. Disqualification -- 6. Ad Hoc Substitution Arrangements -- 7. The Use of a Special Chamber -- C. Replacement of Arbitrators -- 1. Resignation - Procedure for Transition -- a. Mechanism for Submitting Resignation -- b. Participation Following Resignation - The Mosk Rule -- (1) The Mosk Rule and its General Application -- (2) How Application of the Mosk Rule is Determined -- (3) Impact of the Mosk Rule -- 2. Replacement Upon Agreement to a Challenge of an Arbitrator in his General Capacity or Upon Withdrawal Following Such a General Challenge -- D. Conclusions -- Chapter 4: The Appointing Authority and Challenges -- A. Selection of the Appointing Authority -- B. Functions of the Appointing Authority -- 1. Appointment of Members -- 2. Designation of the President -- 3. Ruling on Challenges -- a. The Exclusive Power of the Appointing Authority -- b. Specific Challenges -- (1) Iran's Challenge of Judge Mangård -- (2) The United States' Challenge of Judges Kashani and Shafeiei -- (3) Iran's Challenge of Judge Briner in Amoco Iran Oil Company -- (4) Iran's and the National Iranian Oil Company's Challenge of President Briner Following the Award in Phillips Petroleum Company Iran -- (5) Iran's Third Challenge of President Briner -- (6) Claimant's Challenge of Judge Noori in Roy P.M. Carlson -- (7) Iran's Challenge of Judge Arangio-Ruiz -- C. Conclusions.

Chapter 5: Evidentiary Considerations -- A. Evidentiary Standards -- 1. Interested Party Testimony -- 2. Preference for Documentary Evidence -- 3. Affidavit Evidence -- 4. Oral Testimony -- 5. Adverse Inferences -- 6. Need for Rules of Evidence -- B. Tribunal-Appointed Experts -- C. Unauthorized and Late-Filed Documents -- 1. The Character and Contents of the Submission -- 2. The Length and Cause of the Delay -- Chapter 6: Interim Measures of Protection -- A. Legal Bases for Interim Protection -- B. Requirements for Granting Interim Protection -- 1. Prima Facie Jurisdiction -- 2. The Urgency of the Request -- a. Ordinary Provisional Measures -- b. Temporary Restraining Measures -- 3. Irreparable Prejudice/Irreparable Harm -- 4. Protecting the Tribunal's Jurisdiction - Stays of Proceedings in Other Fora -- 5. New Facts and Changed Circumstances -- 6. The Full Tribunal's Denial of Iran's Request in Cases Nos. A15(IV) and A24 -- C. Compliance and Enforcement -- Chapter 7: Reconsideration and Reopening of Awards -- A. Post-Award Procedures Under the Tribunal Rules -- B. The Issue of Inherent Authority to Reopen and Reconsider Awards -- 1. The Decision in Dames and Moore -- 2. The Award in Gordon Williams -- 3. The Awards in Phillips Petroleum Company Iran and Case No. A25 -- 4. The Decision in Gloria J. Cherafat -- 5. The Decision in Ram Industries -- C. Conclusions -- PART III CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE IRAN-UNITED STATES CLAIMS TRIBUNAL TO PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW -- Chapter 8: Treaty Interpretation -- A. Restrictive Interpretation -- B. The Parties' Intent and the Object and Purpose of the Treaty -- C. Additional Interpretative Sources -- D. Conclusions -- Chapter 9: Claims of Dual Nationals -- A. Adoption of the Dominant and Effective Nationality Test -- B. Meaning of the Caveat: The Relevance of Dual Nationality to the Merits of a Claim.

1. Concurring Opinions in Case No. A18 -- 2. Tribunal Practice and Precedent -- 3. Toward the Future: Arguments of the Parties -- a. Relevant Iranian Law -- b. Estoppel -- c. Bad Faith or Unclean Hands -- d. Abuse of Rights -- e. Lack of Notice -- C. Conclusions -- Chapter 10: Exchange Controls -- A. Rights and Obligations Under the Treaty of Amity and the Fund Agreement -- 1. Exchange Restrictions in the Treaty of Amity -- 2. Fund Agreement -- B. Iranian Currency Exchange Regulations -- C. The Approach of the Tribunal -- 1. Issues Collateral to the Validity of the Exchange Regulations -- 2. The Validity of the Iranian Currency Regulations Under the Fund Agreement and the Treaty of Amity -- D. Conclusions -- Chapter 11: Wrongful Expulsion -- A. Factual Background -- B. Preliminary Issues: Procedure, Jurisdiction and Choice of Law -- 1. Procedure -- 2. Jurisdiction -- 3. Choice of Law -- C. Substantive Issues -- D. Conclusions -- PART IV THE CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE IRAN-UNITED STATES CLAIMS TRIBUNAL TO THE CONCEPTS OF LIABILITY AND COMPENSATION IN TAKINGS DOCTRINE -- Chapter 12: Actions Engaging State Responsibility for Expropriation and Other Measures Affecting Property Rights -- A. The Common Historical Background to American Taking Claims Against Iran Arising Out of the Islamic Revolution -- B. Actions Engaging State Responsibility for Expropriation and Measures Affecting Property Rights -- 1. What Constitutes Property Rights -- 2. Determining Whether a Taking has Occurred -- a. Formal Expropriations -- b. De facto Takings -- 3. Acts Constituting a Taking -- a. Seizure and Retention of Tangible Property -- b. Bank Accounts -- c. Businesses -- (1) Government Appointment of Temporary Managers -- (2) In the Absence of Government-Appointed Managers -- (3) Loss of Income -- (4) Interference with Contract Rights -- (5) Unjust Enrichment and Quantum Meruit.

C. Determination of the Date of the Taking -- 1. De Jure Takings -- 2. De Facto Takings -- D. Conclusions -- Chapter 13: Responsibility of a Government for Takings -- A. Attributability -- 1. Acts of a Government and its Political Subdivisions -- 2. Exercises of State Authority -- 3. Acts of Controlled Entities -- 4. Acts of Revolutionary Movements -- B. Causation -- C. Defenses to State Responsibility -- 1. Use of Police Power -- 2. Force Majeure -- Chapter 14: The Standard of Compensation -- A. Range of Remedies -- B. Standard of Compensation -- 1. Applicable Law -- a. Customary International Law and the Treaty of Amity -- b. The Standard Applicable to Dual Nationals -- 2. Lawfulness of the Taking -- a. Public Purpose and Non-Discrimination -- b. Prompt Payment -- c. Pacta sunt servanda and Stabilization Clauses -- d. Compliance with Municipal Law -- e. Lawfulness and the Treaty of Amity -- f. Lawfulness and the Quantum of Compensation -- C. The Tribunal's Application of the Standard of Compensation -- 1. The Standard Under the Treaty of Amity -- 2. The Standard Under Customary International Law -- a. Expropriations of Discrete Property Interests -- b. Large-Scale Nationalizations -- D. Chamber Three's Award in Shahin Shaine Ebrahimi (Cases Nos. 44/46/47) -- E. Conclusions -- Chapter 15: Deriving a Quantum of Compensation from the Standard of Compensation -- A. "Fair Market Value" as the "Full Equivalent" of the Property Taken -- B. Factors Relevant in Determining Fair Market Value -- 1. Acts Related to the Taking -- 2. Prior Political, Social and Economic Conditions -- 3. Events Subsequent to the Taking -- C. Conclusions -- Chapter 16: Value of Expropriated Business Entities -- A. Determining Going Concern Status of a Business -- B. Going Concern Value Versus Net Book Value -- 1. Physical Assets, Debts and Liabilities.

2. Goodwill and Future Prospects.