Rational Use of Intravenous Fluids in Critically Ill Patients.

• Author: Malbrain, Manu L. N. G.
• TeilnehmendeR: Wong, Adrian.; Nasa, Prashant.; Ghosh, Supradip.
• Place / Publishing House: Cham : : Springer International Publishing AG,, 2023.; ©2024.
• Year of Publication: 2023
• Edition: First edition.
• Language: English
• Physical Description: 1 online resource (600 pages)

Table of Contents

• Intro
• Foreword 1
• Foreword 2
• Foreword 3
• Foreword 4
• Foreword 5
• Foreword 6
• Foreword 7
• Preface
• Contents
• Contributors
• Part I: Fundamentals of Intravenous Fluid Therapy
• 1: Terms and Definitions of Fluid Therapy
• Introduction
• Terms and Definitions
• Conclusions
• References
• 2: Fluid Physiology Part 1: Volume and Distribution of Water and Its Major Solutes Between Plasma, the Interstitium and Intracellular Fluid
• Introduction
• Total Body Water
• Clinical Use of Total Body Water Estimation and Modified Body Weights
• Water Absorption
• Plasma Volume
• The Starling Principle and Microvessel Heterogeneity
• Exceptions to the No-Absorption Rule
• The Current Understanding of Starling Forces
• Starling Forces
• Steady State Variations Versus Abrupt Disequilibrium
• Interstitium and Lymphatics
• The Triphasic Interstitium
• Collagen Phase
• The Triphasic Interstitium
• Hyaluronan Gel Phase
• The Triphasic Interstitium
• Aqueous Phase
• Gel Swelling Pressure
• Interstitial Starling Forces
• Lymphatic Vascular System
• Interstitial Fluid Dynamics
• Lymphatics and the Interstitial Storage of Sodium
• Interstitial Fluid and Lymph in Critical Illness
• Pulmonary Starling Forces and the Extravascular Lung Water
• Cell Fluid and Extracellular Fluid
• Starling Forces Between Extracellular and Intracellular Fluids
• Maintenance of the Extracellular-Intracellular Solute Balance is Energy-Dependent
• Double Donnan Effect
• Potassium and Magnesium Ions
• Cell Volume Regulation and Intracranial Pressure
• Cell Volume Regulation beyond the Brain
• Hessels' Alternative Model of Water, Sodium and Potassium Distribution
• Water Excretion
• References
• 3: Fluid Physiology Part 2: Regulation of Body Fluids and the Distribution of Infusion Fluids
• Introduction
• Fluid Balance
• Fluid Intake.
• Fluid Losses
• Fluid Movement and Edema Formation
• Cell Membrane
• Capillary Membrane
• The Starling Equation
• Edema Formation
• The Importance of Organ Function
• The Kidneys
• Nervous Control
• Hormones
• Cardiac Response to Fluid
• Electrolytes
• Crystalloid Fluid Solutions
• Ringer's Solution
• Other Crystalloid Fluids
• Colloid Fluid Solutions
• Measurement of Body Fluid Volumes
• Fluid Efficiency
• Volume Kinetics, Basic Concepts
• Crystalloids Versus Colloids
• Goals of Fluid Therapy
• References
• 4: Fluid Dynamics During Resuscitation: From Frank-Starling to the Reappraisal of Guyton
• Introduction
• What Are the Factors That Determine Flow of Blood from Peripheral Circulation to Heart?
• What Are the Factors That Determine Mean Systemic Pressure?
• Guyton's Experiment and Venous Return Curve
• Starling's Experiment
• Effect of Fluid Bolus on Venous Return Curve
• Cardiac Function Curve
• Integrating the Return Function with Cardiac Function
• Overall Effect of Fluid Bolus on Circulation
• Validation of Guytonian Model in Human Studies
• Conclusion
• References
• 5: Understanding Heart-Lung Interactions: Concepts of Fluid Responsiveness
• Introduction
• Basics of Respiratory and Cardio-Circulatory Physiology
• Effects of Mechanical Ventilation on Intrathoracic Pressure
• The Pump
• Venous Return and Ventricular Preload
• Ventricular Afterload
• Left Ventricular Afterload
• Right Ventricular Afterload
• Ventricular Interdependence
• Heart-Lung Interactions: Clinical Application
• Functional Hemodynamic Monitoring
• Concept of Fluid Responsiveness
• Dynamic Indicators for Fluid Responsiveness
• Invasive Assessment of Respiratory Changes in LV Stroke Volume
• Pulse Pressure Variation
• Non-invasive Assessment of Respiratory Changes in LV Stroke Volume.
• Other Clinically Significant Clinical Interactions
• Cardiopulmonary Changes in Prone Positioning
• Conclusions
• References
• 6: Acid-Base Homeostasis: Traditional Approach
• Introduction
• Definitions
• Acid-Base Homeostasis
• High AG Metabolic Acidosis
• Normal AG Metabolic Acidosis
• Metabolic Alkalosis
• Some More Illustrative Cases
• Conclusion
• Reference
• 7: Acid Base Homeostasis: Stewart Approach at the Bedside
• Introduction
• Physicochemical Perspective
• SID and Acid Base Balance
• Total Nonvolatile Acid Anion (Atot) and Acid Base Balance
• Total CO2
• Stewart at Bedside: Fencl-Stewart Approach
• Fencl-Stewart: Putting It All Together
• Stewart at Bedside: Using Standard Base Excess
• Effect of Different IV Fluids on Acid-Base Balance
• Some More Illustrative Case
• Conclusion
• References
• 8: The 4-indications of Fluid Therapy: Resuscitation, Replacement, Maintenance and Nutrition Fluids, and Beyond
• Introduction
• The Four Indications
• Resuscitation Fluids
• Maintenance Fluids
• Replacement Fluids
• Nutrition Fluids
• The Four Questions
• When to Start IV Fluids?
• When to Stop IV Fluids?
• When to Start Fluid Removal?
• When to Stop Fluid Removal?
• The Four (or Six) D's
• Diagnosis
• Drug
• Dose
• Duration
• De-escalation
• Discharge
• The Four Hits
• First Hit: Initial Insult
• Second Hit: Ischemia-Reperfusion
• Third Hit: Global Increased Permeability Syndrome
• Fourth Hit: Hypoperfusion
• The Four Phases (ROSE Concept)
• Resuscitation
• Optimization
• Stabilization
• Evacuation
• The Other Fours
• The Four Compartments
• The Four Spaces
• The Four Losses
• Conclusions
• References
• Part II: Available Intravenous Fluids
• 9: The Place of Crystalloids
• Introduction
• Fluid Physiology
• Types of Crystalloids
• Isotonic Crystalloids.
• Isotonic Saline or 0.9% Saline
• Balanced Crystalloids
• Clinical Evidence: 0.9% Saline Vs Balanced
• Observational Studies
• Randomized Controlled Studies
• Hypotonic Crystalloids
• Hypertonic Crystalloids
• Hypertonic Saline
• Sodium Bicarbonate Solution
• Conclusion
• References
• 10: The Case for Albumin as Volume Expander and beyond
• Introduction
• Albumin in Health
• Albumin in Critical Illness
• Evidence on Albumin as a Plasma Expander
• Timing of Albumin Administration during Resuscitation
• Comparison of Different Strengths of Albumin
• Albumin beyond Resuscitation
• Patients with Liver Disease
• Treatment of Hypoalbuminemia with Peripheral Oedema
• Deresuscitation
• Other Indications
• Caution with the Use of Albumin
• Conclusion
• References
• 11: The Place for Starches and Other Colloids
• Introduction
• Hydroxyethyl Starch
• Pharmacology
• Is Hydroxyethyl Starch Beneficial?
• Evidence in Critically Ill Patients
• Perioperative Use of HES
• Controversies and Restrictions on HES
• Gelatins
• Dextrans
• Conclusion
• References
• 12: How to Use Blood and Blood Products
• Introduction
• Anemia and Red Cell Administration
• Age of RBC and Transfusion Outcomes
• Thrombocytopenia and Platelet Transfusion
• Coagulopathy and Plasma Transfusion
• Adverse Transfusion Reactions in Critical Care
• Alternatives to Transfusion
• Conclusion
• References
• 13: Nutrition Delivery in Critically Ill Patients
• Introduction
• Goals of Nutrition in the ICU
• Nutrition Assessment
• Assessment of Energy Needs
• Initiate Early EN
• Dosing of EN
• Monitoring Tolerance and Adequacy of EN
• Selection of Appropriate Enteral Formulation
• When to Use PN
• When Indicated, Maximize Efficacy of PN
• Special Situations
• Pulmonary Failure
• Renal Failure
• Hepatic Failure
• Acute Pancreatitis
• Trauma.
• Burns
• Sepsis
• Postoperative Major Surgery
• Obese Patients
• Fluid Therapy and Nutrition
• Conclusion
• References
• Part III: Fluid Therapy in Special Conditions
• 14: Fluid Management in Septic Shock
• Introduction
• Septic Shock: Pathophysiology
• Septic Shock: Diagnosis
• Septic Shock: Management
• Resuscitation
• Which Fluid?
• Dose of Fluid
• Interaction with Vasopressors
• Septic Shock: Monitoring
• Limiting Cumulative Fluid Balance
• Conclusion
• References
• 15: Fluid Management in Cardiogenic Shock
• Introduction
• Fluid Management of Left-Ventricular Failure
• How Should Fluid Responsiveness Be Assessed and Fluid Therapy Titrated in these Patients?
• Fluid Management in Right-Ventricular Failure
• How to Assess Fluid Responsiveness and Titrate Fluids in RV Failure?
• Conclusion
• References
• 16: Fluid Management in Trauma
• Introduction
• Goals of Early Resuscitation
• Initial Choice of Fluid for Trauma Resuscitation
• Crystalloids
• Colloids
• Hypertonic Solutions
• Penetrating Versus Blunt Injury Versus Head Injuries
• Initial Trauma Resuscitation Fluid Volume
• Practical Approach to Initial Fluid Resuscitation and Pattern of Responses
• Completion of Resuscitation
• Post-Resuscitation Fluid Management
• Deresuscitation
• Conclusion
• References
• 17: Fluid Management in Neurocritical Care
• Introduction
• Physiological Considerations
• What Kind of Fluid Is Appropriate in NIC Patients?
• Does Tonicity of the IV Fluids Matter in NIC Patients?
• Hyperosmolar Therapy in NIC Patients
• End Points of Fluid Therapy Management in Neurocritical Care: How Much Fluid Is Enough?
• Monitoring Fluid Therapy in NIC Patients
• A Note on Common Electrolyte Disturbances in NIC Patients
• General Considerations
• Hyponatraemia
• Hypernatremia
• Hyperchloraemia
• Other Electrolyte Disturbances.
• Fluid Therapy Management in Neurocritical Care: Clinical Practice Recommendations.