Rational Use of Intravenous Fluids in Critically Ill Patients.

• Author: Malbrain, Manu L. N. G.
• TeilnehmendeR: Wong, Adrian.; Nasa, Prashant.; Ghosh, Supradip.
• Place / Publishing House: Cham : : Springer International Publishing AG,, 2023.; ©2024.
• Year of Publication: 2023
• Edition: First edition.
• Language: English
• Physical Description: 1 online resource (600 pages)

Table of Contents

Intro -- Foreword 1 -- Foreword 2 -- Foreword 3 -- Foreword 4 -- Foreword 5 -- Foreword 6 -- Foreword 7 -- Preface -- Contents -- Contributors -- Part I: Fundamentals of Intravenous Fluid Therapy -- 1: Terms and Definitions of Fluid Therapy -- Introduction -- Terms and Definitions -- Conclusions -- References -- 2: Fluid Physiology Part 1: Volume and Distribution of Water and Its Major Solutes Between Plasma, the Interstitium and Intracellular Fluid -- Introduction -- Total Body Water -- Clinical Use of Total Body Water Estimation and Modified Body Weights -- Water Absorption -- Plasma Volume -- The Starling Principle and Microvessel Heterogeneity -- Exceptions to the No-Absorption Rule -- The Current Understanding of Starling Forces -- Starling Forces -- Steady State Variations Versus Abrupt Disequilibrium -- Interstitium and Lymphatics -- The Triphasic Interstitium -- Collagen Phase -- The Triphasic Interstitium -- Hyaluronan Gel Phase -- The Triphasic Interstitium -- Aqueous Phase -- Gel Swelling Pressure -- Interstitial Starling Forces -- Lymphatic Vascular System -- Interstitial Fluid Dynamics -- Lymphatics and the Interstitial Storage of Sodium -- Interstitial Fluid and Lymph in Critical Illness -- Pulmonary Starling Forces and the Extravascular Lung Water -- Cell Fluid and Extracellular Fluid -- Starling Forces Between Extracellular and Intracellular Fluids -- Maintenance of the Extracellular-Intracellular Solute Balance is Energy-Dependent -- Double Donnan Effect -- Potassium and Magnesium Ions -- Cell Volume Regulation and Intracranial Pressure -- Cell Volume Regulation beyond the Brain -- Hessels' Alternative Model of Water, Sodium and Potassium Distribution -- Water Excretion -- References -- 3: Fluid Physiology Part 2: Regulation of Body Fluids and the Distribution of Infusion Fluids -- Introduction -- Fluid Balance -- Fluid Intake.

Fluid Losses -- Fluid Movement and Edema Formation -- Cell Membrane -- Capillary Membrane -- The Starling Equation -- Edema Formation -- The Importance of Organ Function -- The Kidneys -- Nervous Control -- Hormones -- Cardiac Response to Fluid -- Electrolytes -- Crystalloid Fluid Solutions -- Ringer's Solution -- Other Crystalloid Fluids -- Colloid Fluid Solutions -- Measurement of Body Fluid Volumes -- Fluid Efficiency -- Volume Kinetics, Basic Concepts -- Crystalloids Versus Colloids -- Goals of Fluid Therapy -- References -- 4: Fluid Dynamics During Resuscitation: From Frank-Starling to the Reappraisal of Guyton -- Introduction -- What Are the Factors That Determine Flow of Blood from Peripheral Circulation to Heart? -- What Are the Factors That Determine Mean Systemic Pressure? -- Guyton's Experiment and Venous Return Curve -- Starling's Experiment -- Effect of Fluid Bolus on Venous Return Curve -- Cardiac Function Curve -- Integrating the Return Function with Cardiac Function -- Overall Effect of Fluid Bolus on Circulation -- Validation of Guytonian Model in Human Studies -- Conclusion -- References -- 5: Understanding Heart-Lung Interactions: Concepts of Fluid Responsiveness -- Introduction -- Basics of Respiratory and Cardio-Circulatory Physiology -- Effects of Mechanical Ventilation on Intrathoracic Pressure -- The Pump -- Venous Return and Ventricular Preload -- Ventricular Afterload -- Left Ventricular Afterload -- Right Ventricular Afterload -- Ventricular Interdependence -- Heart-Lung Interactions: Clinical Application -- Functional Hemodynamic Monitoring -- Concept of Fluid Responsiveness -- Dynamic Indicators for Fluid Responsiveness -- Invasive Assessment of Respiratory Changes in LV Stroke Volume -- Pulse Pressure Variation -- Non-invasive Assessment of Respiratory Changes in LV Stroke Volume.

Other Clinically Significant Clinical Interactions -- Cardiopulmonary Changes in Prone Positioning -- Conclusions -- References -- 6: Acid-Base Homeostasis: Traditional Approach -- Introduction -- Definitions -- Acid-Base Homeostasis -- High AG Metabolic Acidosis -- Normal AG Metabolic Acidosis -- Metabolic Alkalosis -- Some More Illustrative Cases -- Conclusion -- Reference -- 7: Acid Base Homeostasis: Stewart Approach at the Bedside -- Introduction -- Physicochemical Perspective -- SID and Acid Base Balance -- Total Nonvolatile Acid Anion (Atot) and Acid Base Balance -- Total CO2 -- Stewart at Bedside: Fencl-Stewart Approach -- Fencl-Stewart: Putting It All Together -- Stewart at Bedside: Using Standard Base Excess -- Effect of Different IV Fluids on Acid-Base Balance -- Some More Illustrative Case -- Conclusion -- References -- 8: The 4-indications of Fluid Therapy: Resuscitation, Replacement, Maintenance and Nutrition Fluids, and Beyond -- Introduction -- The Four Indications -- Resuscitation Fluids -- Maintenance Fluids -- Replacement Fluids -- Nutrition Fluids -- The Four Questions -- When to Start IV Fluids? -- When to Stop IV Fluids? -- When to Start Fluid Removal? -- When to Stop Fluid Removal? -- The Four (or Six) D's -- Diagnosis -- Drug -- Dose -- Duration -- De-escalation -- Discharge -- The Four Hits -- First Hit: Initial Insult -- Second Hit: Ischemia-Reperfusion -- Third Hit: Global Increased Permeability Syndrome -- Fourth Hit: Hypoperfusion -- The Four Phases (ROSE Concept) -- Resuscitation -- Optimization -- Stabilization -- Evacuation -- The Other Fours -- The Four Compartments -- The Four Spaces -- The Four Losses -- Conclusions -- References -- Part II: Available Intravenous Fluids -- 9: The Place of Crystalloids -- Introduction -- Fluid Physiology -- Types of Crystalloids -- Isotonic Crystalloids.

Isotonic Saline or 0.9% Saline -- Balanced Crystalloids -- Clinical Evidence: 0.9% Saline Vs Balanced -- Observational Studies -- Randomized Controlled Studies -- Hypotonic Crystalloids -- Hypertonic Crystalloids -- Hypertonic Saline -- Sodium Bicarbonate Solution -- Conclusion -- References -- 10: The Case for Albumin as Volume Expander and beyond -- Introduction -- Albumin in Health -- Albumin in Critical Illness -- Evidence on Albumin as a Plasma Expander -- Timing of Albumin Administration during Resuscitation -- Comparison of Different Strengths of Albumin -- Albumin beyond Resuscitation -- Patients with Liver Disease -- Treatment of Hypoalbuminemia with Peripheral Oedema -- Deresuscitation -- Other Indications -- Caution with the Use of Albumin -- Conclusion -- References -- 11: The Place for Starches and Other Colloids -- Introduction -- Hydroxyethyl Starch -- Pharmacology -- Is Hydroxyethyl Starch Beneficial? -- Evidence in Critically Ill Patients -- Perioperative Use of HES -- Controversies and Restrictions on HES -- Gelatins -- Dextrans -- Conclusion -- References -- 12: How to Use Blood and Blood Products -- Introduction -- Anemia and Red Cell Administration -- Age of RBC and Transfusion Outcomes -- Thrombocytopenia and Platelet Transfusion -- Coagulopathy and Plasma Transfusion -- Adverse Transfusion Reactions in Critical Care -- Alternatives to Transfusion -- Conclusion -- References -- 13: Nutrition Delivery in Critically Ill Patients -- Introduction -- Goals of Nutrition in the ICU -- Nutrition Assessment -- Assessment of Energy Needs -- Initiate Early EN -- Dosing of EN -- Monitoring Tolerance and Adequacy of EN -- Selection of Appropriate Enteral Formulation -- When to Use PN -- When Indicated, Maximize Efficacy of PN -- Special Situations -- Pulmonary Failure -- Renal Failure -- Hepatic Failure -- Acute Pancreatitis -- Trauma.

Burns -- Sepsis -- Postoperative Major Surgery -- Obese Patients -- Fluid Therapy and Nutrition -- Conclusion -- References -- Part III: Fluid Therapy in Special Conditions -- 14: Fluid Management in Septic Shock -- Introduction -- Septic Shock: Pathophysiology -- Septic Shock: Diagnosis -- Septic Shock: Management -- Resuscitation -- Which Fluid? -- Dose of Fluid -- Interaction with Vasopressors -- Septic Shock: Monitoring -- Limiting Cumulative Fluid Balance -- Conclusion -- References -- 15: Fluid Management in Cardiogenic Shock -- Introduction -- Fluid Management of Left-Ventricular Failure -- How Should Fluid Responsiveness Be Assessed and Fluid Therapy Titrated in these Patients? -- Fluid Management in Right-Ventricular Failure -- How to Assess Fluid Responsiveness and Titrate Fluids in RV Failure? -- Conclusion -- References -- 16: Fluid Management in Trauma -- Introduction -- Goals of Early Resuscitation -- Initial Choice of Fluid for Trauma Resuscitation -- Crystalloids -- Colloids -- Hypertonic Solutions -- Penetrating Versus Blunt Injury Versus Head Injuries -- Initial Trauma Resuscitation Fluid Volume -- Practical Approach to Initial Fluid Resuscitation and Pattern of Responses -- Completion of Resuscitation -- Post-Resuscitation Fluid Management -- Deresuscitation -- Conclusion -- References -- 17: Fluid Management in Neurocritical Care -- Introduction -- Physiological Considerations -- What Kind of Fluid Is Appropriate in NIC Patients? -- Does Tonicity of the IV Fluids Matter in NIC Patients? -- Hyperosmolar Therapy in NIC Patients -- End Points of Fluid Therapy Management in Neurocritical Care: How Much Fluid Is Enough? -- Monitoring Fluid Therapy in NIC Patients -- A Note on Common Electrolyte Disturbances in NIC Patients -- General Considerations -- Hyponatraemia -- Hypernatremia -- Hyperchloraemia -- Other Electrolyte Disturbances.

Fluid Therapy Management in Neurocritical Care: Clinical Practice Recommendations.