Human Rights: Universality and Diversity /

Human Rights: Universality and Diversity / / Eva Brems.

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Bibliographic Details
Superior document:International Studies in Human Rights ; 66
VerfasserIn:
Brems, Eva
Place / Publishing House:Leiden; , Boston : : Brill | Nijhoff,, 2001.
Year of Publication:2001
Edition:1st ed.
Language:English
Series:International Studies in Human Rights ; 66.
Physical Description:1 online resource.
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Table of Contents:
  • Intro
  • Title Page
  • Copyright Page
  • Table of Contents
  • GENERAL INTRODUCTION
  • PART ONE: Human Rights and the Universality Principle
  • I. Universality Concepts
  • A. General and World-wide Applicability of Human Rights: All-Inclusiveness
  • B. Formal Acceptance
  • C. Historical Origin
  • D. Formal Origin: Norm Creation
  • E. Anthropological or Philosophical Acceptance
  • F. Functional Acceptance
  • G. Multicultural Composition of Human Rights
  • H. World-wide Observance of Human Rights
  • I. General Opposability of Human Rights
  • J. Human Rights as a Legitimate Concern of the International Community
  • K. Absence of Double Standards
  • L. Priority of Human Rights
  • M. Indivisibility of Human Rights
  • N. Uniformity of Standards
  • O. Universality in Time
  • P. Universality as a Process
  • Q. Conclusion
  • II. Brief History of the Universality of Human Rights
  • A. Before the Universal Declaration of Human Rights
  • B. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights and Subsequent Evolution
  • C. Relativism
  • PART TWO: An Analysis of Non-Western Human Rights Claims
  • I. Introduction
  • A. Purpose
  • B. Selection of Material
  • C. Approach
  • II. Asian Human Rights Claims
  • A. Introduction
  • B. Central Texts and Events
  • 1. The Singapore School
  • 1.1. Situation
  • 1.2. General Discourse
  • 1.3. The Economic Argument
  • 1.4. The Vulnerability Argument
  • 1.5. The Cultural Argument
  • 1.6. Good Government
  • 2. The Beijing White Papers
  • 2.1. "China's Practice of Human Rights
  • 2.2. "China's Basic Position on Human Rights
  • 3. The Bangkok Declaration and the Vienna Conference
  • 3.1. Situation
  • 3.2. The Bangkok Declaration
  • 3.2.1. Non-controversial Statements
  • 3.2.2. Controversial Statements
  • 3.3. The Vienna Conference
  • 3.3.1. Statements
  • 3.3.1.1. Singapore
  • 3.3.1.2. Malaysia
  • 3.3.1.3. China
  • 3.3.1.4. Indonesia.
  • 3.3.1.5. Thailand
  • 3.3.1.6. Myanmar
  • 3.3.1.7. Philippines
  • 3.3.1.8. (South) Korea
  • 3.3.1.9. Japan
  • 3.3.2. The Vienna Declaration
  • 3.3.2.1. Sovereignty, Non-interference, Double Standards
  • 3.3.2.2. Universality and Indivisibility
  • 3.3.2.3. Development and Human Rights
  • 3.3.2.4. Parts of the debate Not Mentioned
  • 3.4. The Position of NGOs
  • 3.4.1. Situation
  • 3.4.2. Some Shared Concerns with the Governments
  • 3.4.2.1. Universality
  • 3.4.2.2. Indivisibility and Economic Concerns
  • 3.4.2.3. The Individual and the Community
  • 3.4.3. Some Points of Disagreement with the Governments
  • 3.4.3.1. The Sovereignty Argument
  • 3.4.3.2. The National Security Argument
  • 4. Kuala Lumpur Declaration on Human Rights
  • 4.1. Traditional Provisions
  • 4.2. "Asian" Provisions
  • C. Interpretation
  • 1. Framework
  • 2. Main Claims
  • 2.1. International Politics
  • 2.2. Economics
  • 2.3. The Individual, the Community and the State
  • 2.4. Interpretation and Implementation
  • 3. Attitude Towards the Universality of Human Rights
  • 3.1. Universality and Respect for Diversity
  • 3.2. The Role of Culture
  • III. African Human Rights Views
  • A. Introduction
  • B. Central Texts and Events
  • 1. Legal and Political Texts
  • 1.1. The African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights
  • 1.1.1. Universality and Specificity
  • 1.1.2. Peoples' Rights
  • 1.1.2.1. General Remarks
  • a) Originality of the African Charter
  • b) Justification
  • c) Beneficiaries and Enforcement
  • d) Peoples' Rights and Individual Rights
  • 1.1.2.2. Overview of the Articles
  • a) Article 19
  • b) Article 20
  • c) Article 21
  • d) Article 22
  • e) Article 23
  • f) Article 24
  • 1.1.3. Individual Duties
  • 1.1.3.1. General Remarks
  • a) Originality of the African Charter
  • b) Justification
  • c) Beneficiaries and Enforcement
  • d) Individual Duties and Individual Rights.
  • 1.1.3.2. Overview of the Articles
  • a) Article 27
  • b) Article 28
  • c) Article 29
  • 1.1.4. Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
  • 1.1.5. Limitation and Derogation
  • 1.1.5.1. Limitation
  • 1.1.5.2. Derogation
  • 1.1.6. Choice and Formulation of Specific Rights
  • 1.1.6.1. Omission of Rights
  • 1.1.6.2. Inclusion and Formulation of Rights
  • a) Article 18
  • b) Article 17 (3)
  • c) Article 7 (2) in fine
  • d) Article 13 (1)
  • e) Article 14
  • 1.1.7. Enforcement Mechanism
  • 1.1.8. Reception of the Charter
  • 1.1.9. Evaluation
  • 1.2. The African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child
  • 1.2.1. Rights protected in both CRC and ACRWC
  • 1.2.2. Rights protected only in the ACRWC, not in the CRC
  • 1.2.3. Rights protected only in the CRC, not in the ACRWC
  • 1.2.4. Evaluation
  • 1.3. The Tunis Declaration
  • 2. Academic Texts
  • 2.1. Traditional Africa
  • 2.2. Universality
  • 2.3. Communalism
  • 2.4. Development and Human Rights
  • 2.4.1. Priority of Development over Human Rights
  • 2.4.2. Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
  • 2.4.3. Conditionality
  • 2.5. Stability
  • 2.6. Harmful Cultural Practices
  • 2.6.1. General Remarks
  • 2.6.2. The Example of Female Genital Mutilation
  • 2.6.2.1. The Practice
  • 2.6.2.2. The Western Campaign and the United Nations
  • 2.6.2.3. African Views
  • C. Interpretation
  • 1. Framework
  • 2. Main Claims
  • 3. Attitude Towards the Universality of Human Rights
  • 3.1. Universality and Respect for Diversity
  • 3.2. The Role of Culture
  • IV. Islam and Human Rights Views
  • A. Introduction
  • B. Central Texts and Events
  • 1. Academic Texts
  • 1.1. Fundamental Attitude: Different Tendencies
  • 1.1.1. Apologetic literature
  • 1.1.1.1. Common characteristics
  • a) General
  • b) Older and Better
  • c) The Rights
  • 1.1.1.2. Subcategories
  • a) Attitude to "Thorny Issues
  • b) Traditionalists and Fundamentalists.
  • 1.1.2. Appeals for Interpretation
  • 1.1.2.1. Situating Ijtihad
  • 1.1.2.2. Common Characteristics
  • 1.1.2.3. Subcategories
  • a) Moderate Muslim Proposals
  • b) Radical Muslim Proposals
  • c) Non-Muslim Western Authors
  • 1.1.3. Secularism
  • 1.2. Recurring Themes
  • 1.2.1. Universality
  • 1.2.1.1. Rejection of Universality
  • 1.2.1.2. Ambiguous Attitude Toward Universality in the Apologetic Discourse
  • 1.2.1.3. Attitude Toward Universality Among Liberal Muslims
  • 1.2.2. Individualism versus Communalism and Rights versus Duties
  • 1.2.2.1. The relationship Between the Two Themes
  • 1.2.2.2. Individualism v. Communalism
  • a) Individualism and Communalism in Islam
  • b) Consequences for Claims about Human Rights
  • 1.2.2.3. Rights v. Duties
  • a) Rights and Duties in Islam
  • b) Consequences for Claims about Human Rights
  • 1.2.3. The Religious Dimension
  • 1.2.4. Areas of Conflict Between Islam and International Human Rights
  • 1.2.4.1. Women's Rights
  • 1.2.4.2. Freedom of Religion
  • a) The Problem
  • b) Solving the Problem
  • 1.2.4.3. Discrimination on the Basis of Religion
  • a) The Problem
  • b) Denying or Minimising the Problem
  • c) Solving the Problem
  • 1.2.4.4. Corporal Punishment
  • a) The Problem: Hudud Crimes
  • b) Solving the Problem
  • 1.2.4.5. Slavery
  • 1.2.4.6. Procedural Guarantees
  • 1.2.4.7. Democratic Rights
  • 1.2.4.8. Other
  • 1.3. A Specific Genre: The Debate on Women in Islam
  • 1.3.1. Fundamental Attitude: Different Tendencies
  • 1.3.1.1. Apologetic literature
  • 1.3.1.2. Feminists Appeals for Interpretation
  • 1.3.1.3. Secularism
  • 1.3.2. Recurring Themes
  • 1.3.2.1. The Principle of Equality
  • 1.3.2.2. Marriage
  • a) Choice of a Husband
  • b) Polygamy
  • c) Authority of the Husband
  • 1.3.2.3. Divorce
  • a) Obtaining a Divorce
  • b) Custody
  • c) Maintenance
  • 1.3.2.4. Inheritance
  • 1.3.2.5. Testimony.
  • 1.3.2.6. Blood Money
  • 1.3.2.7. Freedom of Movement / Hijab
  • 1.3.2.8. Right to Work
  • 1.3.2.9. Political Rights / Access to Public Functions
  • 2. Islamic Declarations of Human Rights
  • 2.1. Universal Islamic Declaration of Human Rights
  • 2.1.1. Situation
  • 2.1.2. Universality versus Particularity
  • 2.1.2.1. Elements of Universality
  • 2.1.2.2. Elements of lslamic Particularity
  • 2.1.3. Individualism versus Communalism
  • 2.1.4. Rights versus Duties
  • 2.1.5. Restriction of Rights
  • 2.1.6. Thorny Issues
  • 2.1.6.1. Women
  • 2.1.6.2. Religion
  • 2.1.6.3. Other
  • 2.1.7. General Appreciation
  • 2.2. Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam
  • 2.2.1. Situation
  • 2.2.2. Universality versus Particularity
  • 2.2.3. Individualism versus Communalism
  • 2.2.4. Rights versus Duties
  • 2.2.5. Restriction of Rights
  • 2.2.6. Thorny Issues
  • 2.2.6.1. Women
  • 2.2.6.2. Religion
  • 2.2.6.3. Other
  • 2.2.7. General Appreciation
  • 3. Islamic Reservations to Human Rights Conventions
  • 3.1. General Remarks
  • 3.2. Reservations ofa General Nature
  • 3.3. Specific Reservations
  • 3.3.1. In the ICCPR and the ICESCR
  • 3.3.2. In CEDAW
  • 3.3.3. In the CRC
  • 3.4. Evolution Over Time: Reservations as Statements in a Debate
  • C. Interpretation
  • 1. Framework
  • 2. Main Claims
  • 3. Attitude Towards the Universality of Human Rights
  • 3.1. Universality and Respect for Diversity
  • 3.2. The Role of Culture
  • V. Some Common Conclusions
  • A. Main Claims
  • B. Attitude Towards the Universality of Human Rights
  • C. Flexibility and Transformation
  • PART THREE: Inclusive universality
  • I. Introduction
  • II. Upholding the Ideal of the Universality of Human Rights
  • A. Unconditional Universality
  • 1. The Condition of General Formal Acceptance
  • 2. The Condition of Mixed Cultural Origin or Composition.
  • 3. The Condition of Cross-Cultural Anthropological or Philosophical Foundations: of Mothers and Sisters.

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