Human Rights: Universality and Diversity / / Eva Brems.

• Superior document: International Studies in Human Rights ; 66
• VerfasserIn: Brems, Eva
• Place / Publishing House: Leiden; , Boston : : Brill | Nijhoff,, 2001.
• Year of Publication: 2001
• Edition: 1st ed.
• Language: English
• Series: International Studies in Human Rights ; 66.
• Physical Description: 1 online resource.

Table of Contents

Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- GENERAL INTRODUCTION -- PART ONE: Human Rights and the Universality Principle -- I. Universality Concepts -- A. General and World-wide Applicability of Human Rights: All-Inclusiveness -- B. Formal Acceptance -- C. Historical Origin -- D. Formal Origin: Norm Creation -- E. Anthropological or Philosophical Acceptance -- F. Functional Acceptance -- G. Multicultural Composition of Human Rights -- H. World-wide Observance of Human Rights -- I. General Opposability of Human Rights -- J. Human Rights as a Legitimate Concern of the International Community -- K. Absence of Double Standards -- L. Priority of Human Rights -- M. Indivisibility of Human Rights -- N. Uniformity of Standards -- O. Universality in Time -- P. Universality as a Process -- Q. Conclusion -- II. Brief History of the Universality of Human Rights -- A. Before the Universal Declaration of Human Rights -- B. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights and Subsequent Evolution -- C. Relativism -- PART TWO: An Analysis of Non-Western Human Rights Claims -- I. Introduction -- A. Purpose -- B. Selection of Material -- C. Approach -- II. Asian Human Rights Claims -- A. Introduction -- B. Central Texts and Events -- 1. The Singapore School -- 1.1. Situation -- 1.2. General Discourse -- 1.3. The Economic Argument -- 1.4. The Vulnerability Argument -- 1.5. The Cultural Argument -- 1.6. Good Government -- 2. The Beijing White Papers -- 2.1. "China's Practice of Human Rights -- 2.2. "China's Basic Position on Human Rights -- 3. The Bangkok Declaration and the Vienna Conference -- 3.1. Situation -- 3.2. The Bangkok Declaration -- 3.2.1. Non-controversial Statements -- 3.2.2. Controversial Statements -- 3.3. The Vienna Conference -- 3.3.1. Statements -- 3.3.1.1. Singapore -- 3.3.1.2. Malaysia -- 3.3.1.3. China -- 3.3.1.4. Indonesia.

3.3.1.5. Thailand -- 3.3.1.6. Myanmar -- 3.3.1.7. Philippines -- 3.3.1.8. (South) Korea -- 3.3.1.9. Japan -- 3.3.2. The Vienna Declaration -- 3.3.2.1. Sovereignty, Non-interference, Double Standards -- 3.3.2.2. Universality and Indivisibility -- 3.3.2.3. Development and Human Rights -- 3.3.2.4. Parts of the debate Not Mentioned -- 3.4. The Position of NGOs -- 3.4.1. Situation -- 3.4.2. Some Shared Concerns with the Governments -- 3.4.2.1. Universality -- 3.4.2.2. Indivisibility and Economic Concerns -- 3.4.2.3. The Individual and the Community -- 3.4.3. Some Points of Disagreement with the Governments -- 3.4.3.1. The Sovereignty Argument -- 3.4.3.2. The National Security Argument -- 4. Kuala Lumpur Declaration on Human Rights -- 4.1. Traditional Provisions -- 4.2. "Asian" Provisions -- C. Interpretation -- 1. Framework -- 2. Main Claims -- 2.1. International Politics -- 2.2. Economics -- 2.3. The Individual, the Community and the State -- 2.4. Interpretation and Implementation -- 3. Attitude Towards the Universality of Human Rights -- 3.1. Universality and Respect for Diversity -- 3.2. The Role of Culture -- III. African Human Rights Views -- A. Introduction -- B. Central Texts and Events -- 1. Legal and Political Texts -- 1.1. The African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights -- 1.1.1. Universality and Specificity -- 1.1.2. Peoples' Rights -- 1.1.2.1. General Remarks -- a) Originality of the African Charter -- b) Justification -- c) Beneficiaries and Enforcement -- d) Peoples' Rights and Individual Rights -- 1.1.2.2. Overview of the Articles -- a) Article 19 -- b) Article 20 -- c) Article 21 -- d) Article 22 -- e) Article 23 -- f) Article 24 -- 1.1.3. Individual Duties -- 1.1.3.1. General Remarks -- a) Originality of the African Charter -- b) Justification -- c) Beneficiaries and Enforcement -- d) Individual Duties and Individual Rights.

1.1.3.2. Overview of the Articles -- a) Article 27 -- b) Article 28 -- c) Article 29 -- 1.1.4. Economic, Social and Cultural Rights -- 1.1.5. Limitation and Derogation -- 1.1.5.1. Limitation -- 1.1.5.2. Derogation -- 1.1.6. Choice and Formulation of Specific Rights -- 1.1.6.1. Omission of Rights -- 1.1.6.2. Inclusion and Formulation of Rights -- a) Article 18 -- b) Article 17 (3) -- c) Article 7 (2) in fine -- d) Article 13 (1) -- e) Article 14 -- 1.1.7. Enforcement Mechanism -- 1.1.8. Reception of the Charter -- 1.1.9. Evaluation -- 1.2. The African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child -- 1.2.1. Rights protected in both CRC and ACRWC -- 1.2.2. Rights protected only in the ACRWC, not in the CRC -- 1.2.3. Rights protected only in the CRC, not in the ACRWC -- 1.2.4. Evaluation -- 1.3. The Tunis Declaration -- 2. Academic Texts -- 2.1. Traditional Africa -- 2.2. Universality -- 2.3. Communalism -- 2.4. Development and Human Rights -- 2.4.1. Priority of Development over Human Rights -- 2.4.2. Economic, Social and Cultural Rights -- 2.4.3. Conditionality -- 2.5. Stability -- 2.6. Harmful Cultural Practices -- 2.6.1. General Remarks -- 2.6.2. The Example of Female Genital Mutilation -- 2.6.2.1. The Practice -- 2.6.2.2. The Western Campaign and the United Nations -- 2.6.2.3. African Views -- C. Interpretation -- 1. Framework -- 2. Main Claims -- 3. Attitude Towards the Universality of Human Rights -- 3.1. Universality and Respect for Diversity -- 3.2. The Role of Culture -- IV. Islam and Human Rights Views -- A. Introduction -- B. Central Texts and Events -- 1. Academic Texts -- 1.1. Fundamental Attitude: Different Tendencies -- 1.1.1. Apologetic literature -- 1.1.1.1. Common characteristics -- a) General -- b) Older and Better -- c) The Rights -- 1.1.1.2. Subcategories -- a) Attitude to "Thorny Issues -- b) Traditionalists and Fundamentalists.

1.1.2. Appeals for Interpretation -- 1.1.2.1. Situating Ijtihad -- 1.1.2.2. Common Characteristics -- 1.1.2.3. Subcategories -- a) Moderate Muslim Proposals -- b) Radical Muslim Proposals -- c) Non-Muslim Western Authors -- 1.1.3. Secularism -- 1.2. Recurring Themes -- 1.2.1. Universality -- 1.2.1.1. Rejection of Universality -- 1.2.1.2. Ambiguous Attitude Toward Universality in the Apologetic Discourse -- 1.2.1.3. Attitude Toward Universality Among Liberal Muslims -- 1.2.2. Individualism versus Communalism and Rights versus Duties -- 1.2.2.1. The relationship Between the Two Themes -- 1.2.2.2. Individualism v. Communalism -- a) Individualism and Communalism in Islam -- b) Consequences for Claims about Human Rights -- 1.2.2.3. Rights v. Duties -- a) Rights and Duties in Islam -- b) Consequences for Claims about Human Rights -- 1.2.3. The Religious Dimension -- 1.2.4. Areas of Conflict Between Islam and International Human Rights -- 1.2.4.1. Women's Rights -- 1.2.4.2. Freedom of Religion -- a) The Problem -- b) Solving the Problem -- 1.2.4.3. Discrimination on the Basis of Religion -- a) The Problem -- b) Denying or Minimising the Problem -- c) Solving the Problem -- 1.2.4.4. Corporal Punishment -- a) The Problem: Hudud Crimes -- b) Solving the Problem -- 1.2.4.5. Slavery -- 1.2.4.6. Procedural Guarantees -- 1.2.4.7. Democratic Rights -- 1.2.4.8. Other -- 1.3. A Specific Genre: The Debate on Women in Islam -- 1.3.1. Fundamental Attitude: Different Tendencies -- 1.3.1.1. Apologetic literature -- 1.3.1.2. Feminists Appeals for Interpretation -- 1.3.1.3. Secularism -- 1.3.2. Recurring Themes -- 1.3.2.1. The Principle of Equality -- 1.3.2.2. Marriage -- a) Choice of a Husband -- b) Polygamy -- c) Authority of the Husband -- 1.3.2.3. Divorce -- a) Obtaining a Divorce -- b) Custody -- c) Maintenance -- 1.3.2.4. Inheritance -- 1.3.2.5. Testimony.

1.3.2.6. Blood Money -- 1.3.2.7. Freedom of Movement / Hijab -- 1.3.2.8. Right to Work -- 1.3.2.9. Political Rights / Access to Public Functions -- 2. Islamic Declarations of Human Rights -- 2.1. Universal Islamic Declaration of Human Rights -- 2.1.1. Situation -- 2.1.2. Universality versus Particularity -- 2.1.2.1. Elements of Universality -- 2.1.2.2. Elements of lslamic Particularity -- 2.1.3. Individualism versus Communalism -- 2.1.4. Rights versus Duties -- 2.1.5. Restriction of Rights -- 2.1.6. Thorny Issues -- 2.1.6.1. Women -- 2.1.6.2. Religion -- 2.1.6.3. Other -- 2.1.7. General Appreciation -- 2.2. Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam -- 2.2.1. Situation -- 2.2.2. Universality versus Particularity -- 2.2.3. Individualism versus Communalism -- 2.2.4. Rights versus Duties -- 2.2.5. Restriction of Rights -- 2.2.6. Thorny Issues -- 2.2.6.1. Women -- 2.2.6.2. Religion -- 2.2.6.3. Other -- 2.2.7. General Appreciation -- 3. Islamic Reservations to Human Rights Conventions -- 3.1. General Remarks -- 3.2. Reservations ofa General Nature -- 3.3. Specific Reservations -- 3.3.1. In the ICCPR and the ICESCR -- 3.3.2. In CEDAW -- 3.3.3. In the CRC -- 3.4. Evolution Over Time: Reservations as Statements in a Debate -- C. Interpretation -- 1. Framework -- 2. Main Claims -- 3. Attitude Towards the Universality of Human Rights -- 3.1. Universality and Respect for Diversity -- 3.2. The Role of Culture -- V. Some Common Conclusions -- A. Main Claims -- B. Attitude Towards the Universality of Human Rights -- C. Flexibility and Transformation -- PART THREE: Inclusive universality -- I. Introduction -- II. Upholding the Ideal of the Universality of Human Rights -- A. Unconditional Universality -- 1. The Condition of General Formal Acceptance -- 2. The Condition of Mixed Cultural Origin or Composition.

3. The Condition of Cross-Cultural Anthropological or Philosophical Foundations: of Mothers and Sisters.