Deepsea mining and the law of the sea / / Alexandra Merle Post.

• Superior document: Publications on Ocean Development
• VerfasserIn: Post, Alexandra Merle,
• Place / Publishing House: The Hague, The Netherlands ;, Boston, Massachusetts : : Kluwer Law International,, [1983]; ©1983
• Year of Publication: 1983
• Language: English
• Series: Publications on Ocean Development
• Physical Description: 1 online resource (382 pages)

Table of Contents

Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Table of Contents -- List of figures and tables -- List of abbreviations -- PART ONE: THE PARAMETERS OF OCEAN MINING -- 1. The geological parameter -- 1.1 Ocean space -- 1.2 Differences between land and sea relevant to ocean mining -- 1.3 The high seas and deep seabeds -- 1.4 Ability to use the sea -- 1.5 The geological definition of ocean space -- 1.6 Ocean minerals -- 1.6.1 Sea water minerals -- 1.6.2 Deposits on the ocean floor -- 1.6.3 Minerals within the crust of the sea floor -- 1.7 Manganese nodules - structure and occurrence -- 1.8 Summary -- 2. The technological parameter -- 2.1 Reconnaissance: prospecting and exploration -- 2.2 Nodule retrieval -- 2.3 Surface and transportation systems -- 2.4 Processing -- 2.5 Summary -- 3. The economic parameter -- 3.1 Myths and misconceptions about the minerals markets -- 3.2 The question of minerals scarcity -- 3.3 World minerals demand -- 3.4 Estimating estimates of supply -- 3.5 Nickel -- 3.6 Cobalt -- 3.7 Manganese -- 3.8 Molybdenum -- 3.9 Copper -- 3.10 Summary -- 4. The environmental parameter -- 4.1 The environmental impact of deepsea mining -- 4.1.1 The ocean bottom -- 4.1.2 The water column and the ocean surface -- 4.1.3 Transportation corridors -- 4.1.4 The processing plant -- 4.1.5 Waste disposal -- 4.2 Monitoring the environmental impact of ocean mining -- 4.3 Government regulation -- 4.4 Summary -- 5. The historical parameter -- 5.1 Technology and man's changing relationship to the sea -- 5.2 A chronology of maritime history as related to ocean mining and the Conference on the Law of the Sea -- 5.3 Implications of maritime history for the deepsea mining debate -- 5.3.1 From maritime law to Law of the Sea -- 5.3.2 From two- to three-dimensional sea use.

5.3.3 From geopolitical to technological determinism: The Soviet example -- 5.3.4 From common claims to interest-claiming -- 5.4 Summary -- 6. The theoretical parameter -- 6.1 Roman law: a sea held common -- 6.2 Medieval law: the common good -- 6.3 The seventeenth century: assessing the fundaments of the common stock and private property -- 6.3.1 The nature of water -- 6.3.2 Things held common -- 6.4 The eighteenth century: a common will through law -- 6.5 The nineteenth century: the political economics of common ownership -- 6.6 The twentieth century: the legal and theoretical premises of an international common -- 6.6.1 Non-ownership -- 6.6.2 Access -- 6.6.3 International administration vs. enclosure -- 6.6.4 Peace and world order -- 6.6.5 Strong penal -- 6.6.6 Strong promotive -- 6.7 Summary -- 7. The political parameter -- 7.1 The issues -- 7.2 The participants -- 7.3 The major arena of the seabed debate -- 7.4 The prizes at stake -- 7.5 The process -- 7.5.1 The procedural quandry -- 7.5.2 The Conference structure -- 7.5.3 The 'informal negotiating procedure' -- 7.6 Alternatives -- 7.7 Summary -- PART TWO: THE OPTIONS OF OCEAN MINING -- 8. Early efforts at model building -- 8.1 The Group of 77 model -- 8.1.1 Exploitation rights -- 8.1.2 Resource policy -- 8.1.3 Governance -- 8.2 The U.S. proposals -- 8.2.1 Exploitation rights -- 8.2.2 Resource policy -- 8.2.3 Governance -- 8.3 Proposals by the European Community and Japan -- 8.3.1 Exploitation rights -- 8.3.2 Resource policy -- 8.4 Canadian proposals -- 8.5 Soviet proposals -- 9. The Informal Single Negotiating Text (ISNT) -- 9.1 Exploitation rights -- 9.2 Resource policy -- 9.3 Governance -- 10. The Revised Single Negotiating Text (RSNT) -- 10.1 Exploitation rights -- 10.2 Resource policy -- 10.3 Governance -- 11. The Draft Convention (ICNT) -- 11.1 Exploitation rights -- 11.2 Resource policy.

11.3 Governance -- 12. Contradictions underlying Conference negotiations -- 12.1 Security of supply vs. resource control -- 12.2 A new maritime treaty vs. customary law -- 12.3 Producer vs. regulator functions -- 12.4 Equity vs. efficiency objectives -- 12.5 A government vs. agency format -- 12.6 Assuming tasks vs. capability to fulfill them -- 12.7 National vs. international control -- 12.8 Present vs. future regime building -- 12.9 National vs. common international interests -- 12.10 Positive vs. negative covariance -- 12.11 LBP assistance vs. market expansion -- 12.12 Authority control vs. corporate and state financing -- 12.13 The costs of control vs. benefit sharing -- 12.14 Spontaneous vs. discretionary order building -- 13. Exploitation rights: the legal option -- 13.1 Establishing authority competence in deepsea mining -- 13.1.1 Bequeathing personality to an intergovernmental agency -- 13.1.2 The right of intergovernmental organizations to enter commercial joint arrangements -- 13.2 Changes in mining agreements -- 13.2.1 Demise of the traditional concession -- 13.2.2 Increased risk -- 13.2.3 Transformation of the mining contract -- 13.2.4 Lateralization of ownership and finance -- 13.2.5 Increased market intervention -- 13.3 The exploitation mandate of the authority -- 13.3.1 Applicable law -- 13.3.2 Title to resources -- 13.3.3 Transfer of title -- 13.3.4 Transport, processing and marketing -- 13.3.5 The exclusive or priority rights of the Authority -- 13.4 Exploitation rights of private and state entities -- 13.4.1 Access -- 13.4.2 The plan of work -- 13.4.3 Anti-monopoly provisions -- 13.4.4 The application procedure -- 14. Regulating recovery: the resource policy option -- 14.1 Implementors -- 14.2 Production controls -- 14.3 Participation in international commodity agreements -- 14.4 Priority rights and anti-monopoly restrictions.

14.5 Adjustment assistance to land-based producers -- 15. Funding ocean mining: the financial option -- 15.1 Costs -- 15.2 The financial structuring of ocean mining -- 15.2.1 Risk -- 15.2.2 Project phases -- 15.2.3 Research phase -- 15.3 The ocean mining groups -- 15.4 Financing the public Enterprise -- 15.5 Taxation -- 15.6 An offering of ocean mining securities -- 15.6.1 A participating bond offering to state holders -- 15.6.2 A straight or participation bond to private investors -- Conclusion. The legal route to the sea -- Postscript -- A. Calendar of major events in 1982 - UNCLOS 11 -- B. Major changes to the seabed mining regime incorporated at Session 11 -- C. Important amendment proposals by state delegations, not incorporated in final Convention of the Law of the Sea at Session 11 -- Appendices -- Appendix one. United Nations CP Working Paper No. 2 with Addendum 1 -- Appendix two. Draft convention on the Law of the Sea (fragments) -- 1. Part XI: The area -- 2. Annex III: Basic conditions of prospecting, exploration, and exploitation -- 3. Annex IV: Statute of the enterprise -- Bibliography.