The geostationary ring : : practice and law / / Martha Mejía-Kaiser.

• Superior document: Studies in Space Law ; 16
• VerfasserIn: Mejía-Kaiser, Martha, 1957-
• Place / Publishing House: Leiden, Netherlands : : Brill Nijhoff,, 2020.
• Year of Publication: 2020
• Language: English
• Series: Studies in Space Law ; 16.
• Physical Description: 1 online resource.
• Notes: Includes index.

"The Geostationary Ring: Practice and Law addresses numerous physical aspects of this highly sought-after orbit which serves as the backbone for international satellite communications and analyses the evolution of its use, coordination and related disputes along with sovereignty claims over segments of the Geostationary Orbit. The author, Martha Mejía-Kaiser, discusses the increasing population of this orbital region with operational spacecraft, its pollution with man-made space debris, and the upcoming active space removal by external systems. Based on empirical data, the author analyses in unprecedented detail a measurable State practice in the efforts of keeping this orbital region operational, and addresses key legal questions with regard to the benefit and interests of all nations, equitable access and its economic and rationale use"-- Provided by publisher.

Table of Contents

Foreword -- Acknowledgements -- List of Figures and Tables -- Abbreviations -- Introduction -- 1 Physical Characteristics and Users of the Geostationary Orbit -- 1 The Way Leading to the Geostationary Orbit -- 2 Types of Orbits -- 3 Two Examples of Circular and Elliptical Orbits -- 4 The Geostationary Orbit -- 5 Geosynchronous Orbits -- 6 The Geostationary Ring as a Three-Dimensional Body -- 7 Some Natural Forces Influencing Satellite Positions -- 8 Users of the Geostationary Ring -- 9 Conclusion -- 2 Basic Concepts of Space Law as Relevant to the Geostationary Ring -- 1 Space Law Legal and Political Multilateral Instruments -- 2 Basic Concepts of Space Law -- 3 State Responsibility in General -- 4 State Responsibility for Space Activities -- 5 Liability -- 6 Conclusion -- 3 Sovereignty Claims with Respect to the Geostationary Ring -- 1 The Boundaries of Outer Space -- 2 The Bogotá Declaration -- 3 Position of Colombia -- 4 Position of Ecuador -- 5 The Unsubstantiated Position of Colombia and Ecuador -- 6 Conclusion -- 4 Slots and Electromagnetic Frequencies -- 1 Beginning of Space Communications -- 2 Brief Historical Background of ITU ’s Role with Regard to Geostationary Communications -- 3 Stepping Stones for Geostationary Slot and Frequency Coordination -- 4 Controversial and Peculiar Issues -- 5 Conclusion -- 5 Space Traffic in the Geostationary Ring -- 1 Busy Segments in the Geostationary Ring -- 2 Sharing Duties for Satellite Station-keeping -- 3 Traffic Rules and Traffic Management -- 4 Conclusion -- 6 Pollution of the Geostationary Ring -- 1 Generation of Space Debris -- 2 Small Space Debris -- 3 Space Surveillance -- 4 Initial Efforts to Preserve the Geostationary Ring -- 5 Conclusion -- 7 Re-orbiting into Graveyard Orbits -- 1 The Geostationary Ring as a Protected Region -- 2 The Price of Re-orbiting Satellites into Graveyard Orbits -- 3 Evolution of the IADC Recommendations on ‘Re-orbiting’ into Customary Law? -- 4 Will the ‘Re-orbiting of Geostationary Satellites into Graveyard Orbits’ Crystallize into a New Norm of International Customary Law? -- 5 Legal Consequences If ‘Re-orbiting of Geostationary Satellites into Graveyard Orbits’ Crystallizes as a Norm -- 6 Legal Consequences Even If No Norm Exists -- 7 Conclusion -- 8 On-Orbit Servicing, Removal and Recycling of Space Debris -- 1 The State with Jurisdiction and Control -- 2 On-Orbit Servicing of Geostationary Satellites -- 3 Salvage of Space Objects -- 4 Recycling Space Objects -- 5 Responsibility and Liability for On-orbit Servicing, Salvage and Recycling -- 6 Active Space Debris Removal -- 7 Responsibility and Liability for Removal -- 8 Removal of Hazardous Space Objects XX -- 9 Model for The Distant Future: International Market Oriented Space Removal -- 10 Conclusion -- 9 Unauthorised Cyber Activities -- 1 Basic Technical Description of a Satellite System -- 2 Methods to Access the Computer Systems of a Space System -- 3 Unauthorised Access to Satellite Payload Information -- 4 Unauthorised Access to Satellite Flight Systems -- 5 Unauthorised Cyber Activities Under Telecommunications Law -- 6 Unauthorised Cyber Activities in Space Law -- 7 Phases of Unauthorised Cyber Activities XX -- 8 Recommendations to Counteract Unauthorised Cyber Activities on Space Systems -- 9 Conclusion -- 10 Future Systems -- 1 Space Solar Power Systems -- 2 Space Mirrors -- 3 Space Elevator -- 4 Other Uses -- 5 Conclusion -- Concluding Remarks -- 1 Matters for Further Research -- 2 The Way Forward -- Annex 1: IADC Space Debris Mitigation Guidelines -- Annex 2: Space Debris Mitigation Guidelines of the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, United Nations -- Annex 3: Table About the Practice by States and International Organisations on Satellite Re-Orbiting from 1999 to 2018 -- Annex 4: Proposal of an International Convention on the Removal of Hazardous Space Debris -- Bibliography -- Treaties, Other Instruments and Documents -- Court Cases.