Integrated wastewater management for health and valorization : : a design manual for resource challenged cities /

Integrated wastewater management for health and valorization : : a design manual for resource challenged cities / / Stewart Oakley.

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Adequate wastewater treatment in low to medium income cities worldwide has largely been a failure despite decades of funding. The still dominant end-of-pipe paradigm of treatment for surface water discharge, focusing principally on removal of organic matter, has not addressed the well-published prob...

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Bibliographic Details
VerfasserIn:
Oakley, Stewart,
Place / Publishing House:London, England : : IWA Publishing,, [2022]
©2022
Year of Publication:2022
Edition:1st ed.
Language:English
Physical Description:1 online resource (370 pages)
Notes:Includes index.
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Table of Contents:
  • Cover
  • Contents
  • Preface
  • Chapter 1: Integrated wastewater management for reuse in agriculture
  • 1.1 INTRODUCTION
  • 1.1.1 Wastewater and agriculture
  • 1.1.1.1 Increasing water scarcity and stress
  • 1.1.1.2 Population growth
  • 1.1.1.3 Wastewater as a resource
  • 1.1.2 The end-of-pipe paradigm for wastewater discharge
  • 1.1.2.1 Global wastewater production, treatment, reuse, and discharge
  • 1.1.2.2 Water resources and wastewater discharges
  • 1.1.2.3 Global discharge of nitrogen and phosphorus
  • 1.1.2.4 Energy use in mechanized wastewater treatment
  • 1.1.3 The integrated wastewater management paradigm
  • 1.1.3.1 Wastewater as a water resource
  • 1.1.3.2 Semi-arid climates: irrigation water requirement 1500 mm/yr
  • 1.1.3.3 Valorization of nutrients (N and P) in wastewater
  • 1.1.3.4 Value as fertilizer, 2021 prices
  • 1.1.3.5 Energy saved from fertilizer production
  • 1.1.3.6 CO2,equiv emissions saved from not using synthetic fertilizers
  • 1.1.3.7 Valorization of energy from anaerobic processes
  • 1.2 WASTEWATER REUSE IN AGRICULTURE AND DEVELOPMENT OF END-OF-PIPE PARADIGM
  • 1.2.1 Historical use of wastewater in agriculture: 3000 BCE-1915 CE
  • 1.2.2 Decline of wastewater reuse with end-of-pipe paradigm: 1915-1990
  • 1.2.3 End-of-pipe paradigm with resource recovery in EU and North America: 2000-2020
  • 1.2.3.1 Secondary treatment with tertiary processes and resource recovery
  • 1.2.3.2 Wastewater reuse in agriculture in the EU and the US
  • 1.2.4 Wastewater treatment and resource recovery in China: 1980-2020
  • 1.2.4.1 Wastewater treatment and discharge of excess nitrogen to surface waters
  • 1.2.4.2 Resource recovery in a Chinese 'concept wastewater treatment plant'
  • 1.2.5 End-of-pipe paradigm in resource-limited cities/peri-urban areas: 2000-2020
  • 1.2.5.1 Indirect reuse of wastewater in agriculture.
  • 1.2.5.2 Direct reuse of inadequately treated wastewater in agriculture
  • 1.2.5.3 Direct reuse in agriculture with effluent wastewater meeting WHO guidelines
  • 1.3 WASTEWATER TREATMENT FOR AGRICULTURAL REUSE IN RESOURCE-LIMITED REGIONS
  • 1.3.1 Urban population growth
  • 1.3.2 Coverage of wastewater treatment in the EU and North America
  • 1.3.3 Coverage of wastewater treatment in resource-limited SDG regions
  • 1.3.4 Effectiveness of wastewater treatment in resource-challenged urban areas
  • 1.3.4.1 Bolivia: waste stabilization ponds and wastewater reuse
  • 1.3.4.2 Honduras: pathogen reduction in waste stabilization ponds
  • 1.3.4.3 Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso: protozoan cyst and helminth egg removal in the WSP system
  • 1.3.4.4 Lima, Peru: Vibrio cholera reduction in the San Juan de Miraflores WSP-reuse system
  • 1.3.4.5 Mendoza, Argentina: Campo Espejo waste stabilization ponds with reuse in agriculture
  • 1.4 THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS AND INTEGRATED WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT
  • 1.4.1 The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.
  • 1.4.2 Sustainable development goals relevant for integrated wastewater management
  • 1.4.2.1 Goal 2: end hunger, achieve food security, improve nutrition, promote sustainable agriculture
  • 1.4.2.2 Goal: 3 ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all ages
  • 1.4.2.3 Goal 6: ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all
  • Chapter 2: Selection of natural systems for wastewater treatment with reuse in agriculture
  • 2.1 INTRODUCTION
  • 2.2 WASTEWATER CHARACTERISTICS AND TRADITIONAL LEVELS OF TREATMENT
  • 2.2.1 Characteristics of domestic wastewater
  • 2.2.1.1 Screenings and grit
  • 2.2.1.2 Pathogens
  • 2.2.1.3 Total suspended solids
  • 2.2.1.4 Biodegradable organics
  • 2.2.1.5 Nutrients
  • 2.2.2 Levels of wastewater treatment.
  • 2.3 PATHOGEN REDUCTION IN WASTEWATER TREATMENT PROCESSES
  • 2.3.1 High-rate treatment processes
  • 2.3.2 Pathogen reduction data from operating high-rate treatment systems
  • 2.3.2.1 Activated sludge treatment plants without disinfection in Tunisia
  • 2.3.2.2 Activated sludge treatment plant with chlorine disinfection in the US
  • 2.3.2.3 Activated sludge treatment plants with microfiltration and disinfection in Spain
  • 2.3.3 Natural system treatment processes
  • 2.4 NATURAL SYSTEM TREATMENT PROCESSES FOR INTEGRATED WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT
  • 2.4.1 Facultative.maturation pond systems
  • 2.4.1.1 Simplicity
  • 2.4.1.2 Land requirements
  • 2.4.1.3 Low cost
  • 2.4.1.4 Minimal sludge handling
  • 2.4.1.5 Process complexity and operation and maintenance requirements
  • 2.4.1.6 Energy consumption
  • 2.4.1.7 Process stability and resilience
  • 2.4.2 Anaerobic.secondary facultative.maturation pond systems
  • 2.4.3 UASB.secondary facultative.maturation pond systems
  • 2.4.4 UASB.trickling filter.batch stabilization reservoir
  • Chapter 3: Wastewater flows, design flowrate, and flow measurement
  • 3.1 SOURCES OF WASTEWATER
  • 3.2 WASTEWATER FLOWS
  • 3.2.1 Domestic wastewater flow and urban water consumption
  • 3.2.2 Infiltration and inflow
  • 3.2.3 Industrial wastewater flows
  • 3.3 DESIGN FLOWRATE
  • 3.3.1 Design flowrate from wastewater flow data: the ideal case
  • 3.3.2 Design flowrate by equation: the non-ideal case (but most common)
  • 3.4 DESIGN EXAMPLE: DESIGN FLOWRATES FOR THE CITY OF TRINIDAD, HONDURAS
  • 3.5 CASE STUDY: DESIGN FLOWRATE FOR SAYLLA, PERU
  • Chapter 4: Preliminary treatment
  • 4.1 INTRODUCTION
  • 4.2 REMOVAL OF COARSE SOLIDS: BAR SCREENS
  • 4.2.1 Design of bar screens
  • 4.2.2 Design equations for bar screens and approach canal
  • 4.2.3 Final disposal of screenings
  • 4.3 GRIT REMOVAL: DESIGN OF GRIT CHAMBERS.
  • 4.3.1 Free-flow Parshall flume equations for the design of grit chambers
  • 4.3.2 Design of rectangular grit chambers
  • 4.4 BYPASS CHANNEL DESIGN
  • 4.5 PROCEDURE FOR PRELIMINARY TREATMENT DESIGN WITH THE PARSHALL FLUME
  • 4.5.1 Case study design: preliminary treatment, WSP system, Catacamas, Honduras
  • 4.6 FINAL DISPOSAL OF SCREENINGS AND GRIT
  • Chapter 5: Theory and design of facultative ponds
  • 5.1 NATURAL PROCESSES AS THE DRIVING FORCE IN FACULTATIVE PONDS
  • 5.1.1 Algal and bacterial processes in the aerobic zone
  • 5.1.2 Bacterial processes in the anaerobic zone
  • 5.1.3 Process analysis: methane emissions from facultative pond, Catacamas, Honduras
  • 5.2 THEORY OF DESIGN OF FACULTATIVE PONDS
  • 5.2.1 Maximum organic surface loading
  • 5.2.1.1 Sources of solar radiation data
  • 5.2.1.1.1 CLIMWAT and CROPWAT
  • 5.2.1.1.2 NASA POWER data access viewer
  • 5.2.1.2 Water temperature and algal growth
  • 5.2.1.2.1 Design water temperature
  • 5.2.1.2.2 Temperature effects on algal growth
  • 5.2.1.3 Case study: surface loading and facultative pond performance, Nagpur, India
  • 5.2.1.4 Case study: organic overloading of facultative ponds in Honduras
  • 5.2.2 Wind effects in facultative ponds
  • 5.2.3 Hydraulic considerations
  • 5.2.3.1 Longitudinal dispersion
  • 5.2.3.2 Thermal stratification and hydraulic short circuiting
  • 5.2.3.3 Sludge accumulation effect on hydraulic short circuiting
  • 5.2.4 Pathogen reduction
  • 5.2.4.1 Helminth egg reduction
  • 5.2.4.2 E. coli or fecal coliform reduction
  • 5.2.5 BOD5 removal
  • 5.2.6 TSS removal
  • 5.2.7 Sludge accumulation
  • 5.2.7.1 Sludge accumulation reported in the literature
  • 5.2.7.2 Projection of sludge accumulation with flowrates and solids loadings
  • 5.2.7.3 Design example part 1: projection of sludge accumulation for TSS = 200 mg/L.
  • 5.2.7.4 Design example part 2: projection of sludge accumulation for TSS = 350 mg/L
  • 5.2.7.5 Discussion of design example results
  • 5.3 FACULTATIVE POND DESIGN PROCEDURE
  • 5.4 DESIGN EXAMPLE: FACULTATIVE POND REDESIGN FOR AGRICULTURAL REUSE, COCHABAMBA, BOLIVIA
  • Chapter 6: Theory and design of maturation ponds
  • 6.1 MATURATION PONDS AND PATHOGEN REDUCTION
  • 6.1.1 Factors affecting pathogen reduction
  • 6.1.1.1 Sunlight
  • 6.1.1.2 Temperature
  • 6.1.1.3 Hydraulic retention time
  • 6.1.1.4 Sedimentation
  • 6.1.1.5 Predation
  • 6.1.2 Design strategies for pathogen reduction
  • 6.1.2.1 Sunlight exposure
  • 6.1.2.2 Depth
  • 6.1.2.3 Maximize theoretical hydraulic retention time and minimize dispersion
  • 6.1.2.4 Longitudinal dispersion and mean hydraulic retention time
  • 6.1.2.5 Residence time distribution analysis to assess longitudinal dispersion
  • 6.1.2.6 Limitations of residence time distribution studies
  • 6.1.2.7 Case study: residence time distribution analysis to assess fecal coliform reduction in a maturation pond, Corinne, Utah, USA
  • 6.1.2.8 Determination of residence time distribution parameters
  • 6.1.2.9 Estimation of fecal coliform reduction using the Wehner and Wilhem equation
  • 6.1.2.10 Comment on Corinne maturation pond case study
  • 6.1.2.11 Wind abatement
  • 6.1.2.12 Overflow rate
  • 6.1.2.13 Rock filters
  • 6.2 DESIGN OF MATURATION PONDS
  • 6.2.1 Unbaffled ponds
  • 6.2.1.1 Hydraulic retention time
  • 6.2.1.2 Depths
  • 6.2.1.3 Length to width ratios
  • 6.2.1.4 Inlet/outlet structures
  • 6.2.1.5 Case study: unbaffled maturation ponds in series, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
  • 6.2.2 Baffled ponds
  • 6.2.2.1 Depths
  • 6.2.2.2 Length to width ratios
  • 6.2.2.3 Transverse baffle equations: baffles parallel to width
  • 6.2.2.4 Longitudinal baffle equations: baffles parallel to length.
  • 6.2.2.5 Design example: comparison of transverse and longitudinal baffled ponds.

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