Nuclear and Radiological Emergencies in Animal Production Systems, Preparedness, Response and Recovery.

• Author: Naletoski, Ivancho.
• TeilnehmendeR: Luckins, Anthony G.; Viljoen, Gerrit.
• Place / Publishing House: Berlin, Heidelberg : : Springer Berlin / Heidelberg,, 2021.; ©2021.
• Year of Publication: 2021
• Language: English
• Physical Description: 1 online resource (206 pages)

This Open Access volume explains how major nuclear and radiological emergencies (NREs) can have implications at local, national and international level. The response to NREs requires a competent decision-making structure, clear communication and effective information exchange. National veterinary services have the responsibility to plan, design and manage animal production system in their countries. These activities cover animal health, animal movement control, production control and improvement, and control of the products of animal origin before their placement on the market. Release of radionuclides after NREs can cause substantial contamination in the animal production systems. Critical responsibility of veterinary authorities is therefore to prevent such contamination, establish early response mechanisms to mitigate the consequences and prevent placement of contaminated products of animal origin on the market for human consumption. This work summarizes the critical technical points for effective management of NREs for national veterinary services.

Table of Contents

Intro -- Foreword -- Acknowledgements -- Introduction -- Contents -- About the Contributors -- Abbreviations -- Chapter 1: National Veterinary Services Roles and Responsibilities in Preparing for and Responding to Nuclear and Radiological Emergencies -- References -- Chapter 2: Short Refresher of Radiobiology -- 2.1 Atoms and Isotopes -- 2.2 Definition of Radiation -- 2.3 Types of Ionizing Radiation -- 2.3.1 ß− Decay -- 2.3.2 ß+ Decay -- 2.3.3 Electron Capture -- 2.4 Physical Half-Life of Radioactive Isotopes -- 2.5 Biological Half-Life of the Radioactive Isotopes -- 2.6 Effective Half-Life of the Radioactive Isotopes in the Body of Animals -- 2.7 Decay Chains and Ingrowth -- 2.8 Units of Radioactivity -- 2.9 Specific Radioactivity -- 2.10 Radiation Dose -- 2.11 Effective Dose Equivalent -- 2.12 Lethal Dose -- 2.13 Interaction of the Ionizing Radiation with the Matter -- 2.14 The Sources of Man-Made Environmental Contamination -- References -- Chapter 3: Measurement of Radioactivity -- 3.1 Measuring Instruments -- 3.1.1 Personnel Dosimeters -- 3.2 Measuring Contamination Levels in Live Farm Animals -- References -- Chapter 4: Preparedness and Response to Nuclear and Radiological Emergencies in Animal Production Systems in the Context of IAEA Safety Standards -- 4.1 Relevant IAEA Publications on Emergency Preparedness and Response for Animal Production Systems -- 4.2 Phases of a Nuclear or Radiological Emergency -- 4.2.1 The Preparedness Stage -- 4.2.1.1 Hazard Assessment -- 4.2.1.2 Development, Justification and Optimisation of a Protection Strategy -- 4.2.1.3 International Trade of Food Following a Nuclear or Radiological Emergency -- 4.2.1.4 OILs for Triggering Food, Milk and Drinking Water Restrictions -- 4.2.1.5 Emergency Planning Zones and Emergency Planning Distances -- 4.2.2 Emergency Exposure Situation -- 4.2.2.1 The Urgent Response Phase.

4.2.2.2 The Early Response Phase -- 4.2.2.3 The Transition Phase -- 4.2.2.4 Radioactive Waste Management -- 4.2.2.5 Dealing with Non-radiological Consequences -- 4.2.3 The Termination of a Nuclear or Radiological Emergency -- 4.2.4 Planned or Existing Exposure Situation -- 4.2.4.1 Restrictions on Food, Milk and Drinking Water After the Termination of an Emergency -- References -- Chapter 5: Environmental Pathways of Radionuclides to Animal Products in Different Farming and Harvesting Systems -- 5.1 Major Nuclear or Radiological Emergencies Causing Animal and Animal Product Contamination -- 5.2 Key Environmental Processes Controlling Animal Product Contamination -- 5.2.1 Vegetation Interception -- 5.2.2 Chemical Form of the Released Radionuclides -- 5.2.3 Radionuclide Behaviour in Soils -- 5.2.4 Radionuclide Transfer from Soil to Crops -- 5.2.5 Quantification of Radionuclide Transfer to Plants and Fodder Crops -- 5.2.6 Intake and Absorption of Radionuclides by Animals -- 5.2.7 Gastrointestinal Absorption -- 5.2.8 Quantification of Radionuclide Transfer to Animal Products -- 5.2.9 Quantification of the Time Dependency of Radionuclide Activity Concentrations in Animal Products -- 5.2.10 Biological Half-Life () in Animal Tissues -- 5.2.11 Ecological and Effective Half-Lives -- 5.3 Monitoring Animal Food Products -- 5.4 Radionuclide Transfer to Intensively Farmed Agricultural Animals -- 5.4.1 Soil and Plant Aspects -- 5.4.1.1 Radioiodine -- 5.4.1.2 Radiocaesium -- 5.4.1.3 Radiostrontium -- 5.4.1.4 Other Radionuclides -- 5.4.2 Dairy Production -- 5.4.2.1 Radioiodine -- 5.4.2.2 Radiocaesium -- 5.4.2.3 Radiostrontium -- 5.4.3 Meat and Offal Production -- 5.4.3.1 Transfer of Radionuclides to Meat -- 5.4.3.2 Other Accumulating Tissues -- 5.4.3.3 Target Tissues for Different Radionuclides -- 5.5 Radionuclide Transfer in Non-intensive Animal Production.

5.5.1 Dairy Production in Low-Productivity Areas -- 5.5.2 Meat Production in Low-Productivity Areas -- 5.6 Radionuclide Transfer to Game Animals -- 5.6.1 Forest Environments -- 5.7 Impacts on the Health of Livestock Exposed to Nuclear Contamination -- 5.8 Routes of Radionuclide Intake via Aquatic Pathways -- 5.8.1 Radionuclides in Freshwater Fish -- 5.9 The Risk for Public Health (Placement on the Market for Human Consumption) -- 5.9.1 Radioiodine -- 5.9.2 Radiocaesium -- 5.9.3 Other Radionuclides -- References -- Chapter 6: Management Options for Animal Production Systems: Which Ones to Choose in the Event of a Nuclear or Radiological Emergency? -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Management Options -- 6.3 Radionuclides of Importance -- 6.4 Seasonality and Radioecological Zoning -- 6.5 Decision-Aiding Handbooks for Food Production Systems -- 6.5.1 Decision-Aiding Framework -- 6.5.2 Selection Tables (Step 2) -- 6.5.3 Applicability of Management Options for Different Radionuclides (Step 3) -- 6.5.4 Key Constraints Affecting Management Options (Step 4) -- 6.5.4.1 Technical Feasibility and Capacity -- 6.5.4.2 Timescales for Implementation -- 6.5.4.3 Waste Generation -- 6.5.4.4 Environmental Impact -- 6.5.4.5 Cost -- 6.5.5 Effectiveness of Management Options (Step 5) -- 6.5.6 Management Options Incurring an Additional Dose to Implementers (Step 6) -- 6.5.7 Consideration of the Datasheets (Step 7) -- 6.5.8 Selecting and Combining Options to Develop the Management Strategy (Step 8) -- References -- Chapter 7: Information Systems in Support of the Decision-Making Tools -- 7.1 The IAEA Unified System for Information Exchange in Incidents and Emergencies (USIE) -- 7.2 Decision Support System for Nuclear Emergencies Affecting Food and Agriculture (DSS4NAFA) -- 7.3 iVetNet -- References.

Correction to: Nuclear and Radiological Emergencies in Animal Production Systems, Preparedness, Response and Recovery -- Correction to: I. Naletoski et al. (eds.), Nuclear and Radiological Emergencies in Animal Production Systems, Preparedness, Response and Recovery, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-63021-1 -- Annexes -- Annex A: Datasheets on the Management Options -- Annex B: Worked Examples to Illustrate Decision-Aiding Framework.