Environmental Technologies to Treat Rare Earth Element Pollution.

• Superior document: Integrated Environmental Technology Series
• Author: Sinharoy, Arindam.
• TeilnehmendeR: Lens, Piet.
• Place / Publishing House: London : : IWA Publishing,, 2022.; Ã2021.
• Year of Publication: 2022
• Edition: 1st ed.
• Language: English
• Series: Integrated Environmental Technology Series
• Physical Description: 1 online resource (342 pages)

Table of Contents

• Cover
• Contents
• Preface
• List of Contributors
• Part I: Environmental Technologies to Treat Rare Earth Pollution
• Chapter 1: Environmental technologies to treat pollution by rare earth elements
• 1.1 INTRODUCTION
• 1.2 BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES OF RARE EARTH ELEMENTS
• 1.3 RECOVERY OF RARE EARTH ELEMENTS FROM WASTE RESOURCES
• 1.4 TECHNOLOGIES TO RECOVER RARE EARTH ELEMENTS
• 1.5 APPLICATION OF RARE EARTH ELEMENTS AS NANOPARTICLES
• REFERENCES
• Part II: Biogeochemical Cycles of Rare Earth Elements
• Chapter 2: Discovery and occurrence of lanthanoids and yttrium
• 2.1 NAMING AND STRUCTURE OF LANTHANOIDS AND YTTRIUM
• 2.1.1 Nomenclature
• 2.1.2 Structure
• 2.1.3 Other fancy names of REE
• 2.2 HISTORY OF Y AND REE DISCOVERY
• 2.2.1 Discovery of REE
• 2.2.2 Yttrium, Y, 1794
• 2.2.3 Lanthanum, La, 1839
• 2.2.4 Cerium, Ce, 1803
• 2.2.5 Praseodymium, Pr, 1885
• 2.2.6 Neodymium, Nd, 1885
• 2.2.7 Promethium, Pm, 1947
• 2.2.8 Samarium, Sm, 1879
• 2.2.9 Europium, Eu, 1901
• 2.2.10 Gadolinium, Gd, 1880
• 2.2.11 Terbium, Tb, 1843
• 2.2.12 Dysprosium, Dy, 1886
• 2.2.13 Holmium, Ho, 1879
• 2.2.14 Erbium, Er, 1843
• 2.2.15 Thulium, Tm, 1879
• 2.2.16 Ytterbium, Yb, 1878
• 2.2.17 Lutetium, Lu, 1907
• 2.3 PRESENTATION OF THE SUITE OF LANTHANOIDS AND Y
• 2.4 OCCURRENCE OF LANTHANOIDS AND Y
• 2.4.1 REY in rocks
• 2.4.2 Analyses of REY in abundant minerals
• 2.4.3 REY distribution in the hydrosphere
• 2.5 REY DEPOSITS
• 2.5.1 Geopolitical sources of rare earth elements production
• 2.5.2 Endogenic enrichment of REY
• 2.5.2.1 Carbonatites
• 2.5.2.2 Pegmatites
• 2.5.2.3 Mountain pass REY deposit
• 2.5.2.4 Bayan Obo REY deposit
• 2.5.2.5 Peralkaline igneous deposits
• 2.5.2.6 Hydrothermal vein deposits
• 2.5.3 Exogenic enrichment
• 2.5.3.1 Regolith-hosted REY deposits
• 2.5.3.2 Ion-adsorbed deposits.
• 2.5.3.3 Ocean seabed mud
• 2.5.4 Anthropogenic REY enrichments
• 2.6 SUMMARY
• REFERENCES
• Chapter 3: Occurrence and detection of the rare earth elements
• 3.1 INTRODUCTION
• 3.2 MINERALOGY OF THE REE
• 3.3 PRIMARY SOURCES OF THE RARE EARTH ELEMENTS
• 3.4 PROCESSES INVOLVED IN THE FORMATION OF REE DEPOSITS
• 3.4.1 Igneous processes involved in REE deposit formation
• 3.4.2 Hydrothermal processes involved in REE deposit formation
• 3.4.3 Sedimentary, secondary and placer processes
• 3.5 RARE EARTH ELEMENT MINERAL DEPOSIT TYPES
• 3.5.1 Carbonatites
• 3.5.2 Alkaline rocks
• 3.5.3 Granites and rhyolites
• 3.5.4 Iron oxide-copper-gold (IOCG)
• 3.5.5 Unconformity-related
• 3.5.6 Placer and heavy mineral sands
• 3.5.7 Laterite and ionic clay deposits
• 3.6 EXPLORATION FOR REE DEPOSITS
• 3.7 CONCLUSIONS
• REFERENCES
• Chapter 4: Sources and applications of rare earth elements
• 4.1 INTRODUCTION
• 4.1.1 Occurrence in different geological systems, mineralogy and demand
• 4.1.2 Behavior of REE in different geological systems
• 4.2 BRIEF HISTORY OF REE
• 4.3 TYPES OF REE DEPOSITS
• 4.3.1 Primary REE deposits
• 4.3.2 Secondary REE deposits
• 4.3.2.1 Ion-adsorption deposits
• 4.3.2.2 Heavy mineral placer deposits
• 4.4 ALTERNATE SOURCES FOR REE
• 4.4.1 REE in coal and coal fly ash
• 4.4.2 REE in ocean-bottom sediments
• 4.4.3 Phosphorite deposits
• 4.4.4 REE in river sediments
• 4.4.5 Waste rock sources from old and closed mines
• 4.4.6 Red mud
• 4.4.7 Extraterrestrial REE resources
• 4.4.8 REE from electronic and industrial waste
• 4.5 INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS
• 4.5.1 Glass industry
• 4.5.2 Energy-efficient lighting
• 4.5.3 Rechargeable batteries
• 4.5.4 Permanent magnets
• 4.5.5 Electronics
• 4.5.6 Catalysts
• 4.5.7 Alloys
• 4.5.8 Defense applications
• 4.5.9 REE in paints and pigments.
• 4.5.10 REE in agriculture
• 4.5.11 REE in medicine
• 4.5.12 Miscellaneous
• 4.6 LOOKING INTO THE FUTURE
• REFERENCES
• Part III: Recovery of Rare Earth Elements from Waste Resources
• Chapter 5: Rare earth elements recovery from secondary sources
• 5.1 INTRODUCTION
• 5.2 SOURCES OF REE
• 5.2.1 Brine
• 5.2.2 Coal fly ash
• 5.3 REE RECOVERY FROM BRINE SOLUTIONS
• 5.4 REE RECOVERY FROM COAL FLY ASH
• 5.5 OTHER WASTE SOURCES
• 5.6 CONCLUSIONS
• REFERENCES
• Chapter 6: Rare earth elements recovery from red mud
• 6.1 INTRODUCTION
• 6.2 BAUXITE RESIDUE
• 6.2.1 Production
• 6.2.2 Composition
• 6.2.3 Particle size distribution of red mud
• 6.3 TECHNOLOGY FOR EXTRACTION OF REES FROM BAUXITE RESIDUE
• 6.3.1 Methods for physical beneficiation
• 6.3.1.1 General principle of a hydrocyclone operation process
• 6.3.1.2 General principle of the multi-gravity separator process
• 6.3.1.3 Hydrocyclone and multi-gravity separator for red mud treatment
• 6.3.2 Alkali roasting, smelting and leaching
• 6.3.3 Sulfation, roasting and leaching
• 6.3.4 Direct leaching of mineral acid
• 6.3.5 Pre-concentration-acid leaching
• 6.4 REE SEPARATION PROCESSES
• 6.4.1 Fractional crystallization and precipitation
• 6.4.2 Ion exchange
• 6.4.3 Solvent extraction
• 6.5 CONCLUSION
• REFERENCES
• Part IV: Technologies to Recover Rare Earth Elements
• Chapter 7 Adsorptive recovery of rare earth elements
• 7.1 INTRODUCTION
• 7.2 REE REMOVAL BY CHEMISORBENTS
• 7.2.1 Silica based adsorbents
• 7.2.2 Nanomaterials
• 7.2.3 Surface modification
• 7.3 BIOSORBENTS FOR THE RECOVERY OF REE
• 7.3.1 Advantages of biosorbents
• 7.3.2 Algae based biosorbents
• 7.3.3 Agrowaste
• 7.3.3.1 Animal waste
• 7.3.3.2 Plant-based waste
• 7.3.4 Activated carbon
• 7.3.5 Hydrogels
• 7.4 DESORPTION FOR THE RECOVERY OF ADSORBED REE
• 7.5 FUTURE PERSPECTIVE.
• 7.6 CONCLUSION
• REFERENCES
• Chapter 8: Microbial recovery of rare earth elements
• 8.1 INTRODUCTION
• 8.2 MICROBIAL RECOVERY OF RARE EARTH ELEMENTS
• 8.2.1 Bioleaching
• 8.2.2 Rare earth elements microbial interactions as a biorecovery option
• 8.2.2.1 Microbial cell wall interaction with rare earth elements
• 8.2.2.2 Microbial resistant mechanisms for the recovery of REE
• 8.2.2.2.1 Biosorption
• 8.2.2.2.2 Bioaccumulation
• 8.2.2.2.3 Biomineralization
• 8.2.2.2.4 Bioreduction
• 8.2.3 Selectivity of enzymes as REE recovery strategy
• 8.2.3.1 The role of REE in microbial metabolism
• 8.2.3.2 Selectivity of enzymes for REE
• 8.3 CHALLENGES AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES OF REE BIORECOVERY
• REFERENCES
• Chapter 9: Bioleaching of rare earth elements from industrial and electronic wastes: mechanism and process efficiency
• 9.1 INTRODUCTION
• 9.2 MICROBIAL PROCESSES FOR RECOVERY OF RARE EARTH ELEMENTS (REE)
• 9.2.1 REE mobilization
• 9.2.1.1 Redoxolysis
• 9.2.1.2 Acidolysis
• 9.2.1.3 Complexolysis
• 9.2.2 REE biorecovery
• 9.2.2.1 Biosorption
• 9.2.2.2 Bioaccumulation
• 9.2.2.3 Bioprecipitation
• 9.3 ROLE OF ALGAL AND FUNGAL SPECIES IN THE RECOVERY OF REE
• 9.3.1 Algae
• 9.3.2 Fungi
• 9.4 MICROBIAL RECOVERY OF REE FROM DIFFERENT WASTES
• 9.4.1 Coal fly ash
• 9.4.2 Electronic wastes
• 9.4.3 Red mud
• 9.5 CONCLUSION
• REFERENCES
• Chapter 10: Biological recovery of rare earth elements from mine drainage using the sulfidogenic process
• 10.1 INTRODUCTION
• 10.2 REACTIVITY OF REE-BEARING MINERALS
• 10.2.1 Reactivity of REE-bearing carbonates
• 10.2.2 Reactivity of REE-bearing silicates
• 10.2.3 Reactivity of REE-bearing phosphates
• 10.3 CONVENTIONAL METHODS FOR RECOVERY OF REE
• 10.4 REE-RICH WASTEWATER ASSOCIATED WITH ACID MINE DRAINAGE
• 10.5 RECOVERY OF REE THROUGH BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT.
• 10.5.1 SRB treatment of REE-containing mining waste
• 10.5.2 Treatment of phosphogypsum waste leachate
• 10.5.2.1 Bioreactor performance
• 10.5.2.2 Mineralogy of the REE precipitates
• 10.5.3 Sulfidic treatment of AMD
• 10.5.3.1 Bioreactor performance
• 10.5.3.2 Mineralogy of REE precipitates
• 10.5.3.3 Toxicity of REE to bioreactor sludge
• 10.6 ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY OF REE RECOVERY FROM SECONDARY SOURCES
• 10.7 FINAL CONSIDERATION
• REFERENCES
• Chapter 11: Plant based removal and recovery of rare earth elements
• 11.1 INTRODUCTION
• 11.2 SOURCES AND RELEASE OF REE IN THE ENVIRONMENT
• 11.2.1 Chemical characteristics of REE
• 11.2.2 Sources of REE
• 11.2.2.1 Natural sources
• 11.2.2.2 Industrial sources
• 11.3 EXTRACTION AND RECOVERY OF REE
• 11.3.1 Phytoextraction
• 11.3.1.1 Agromining
• 11.3.1.2 REE plant uptake
• 11.3.1.3 Sequential extraction of REE from soil
• 11.3.2 Other extraction methods
• 11.4 PHYTOREMEDIATION OF REE
• 11.4.1 Plant metabolism for REE phytoremediation
• 11.4.1.1 Plant species selection
• 11.4.1.2 Bioindicator plants
• 11.4.1.3 REE in plant metabolism
• 11.4.2 Plants biomass for biosorption
• 11.5 WETLANDS FOR REE RETENTION AND RECOVERY
• 11.5.1 Natural wetlands
• 11.5.2 Constructed wetlands
• 11.6 CONCLUSIONS
• REFERENCES
• Part V: Application of Rare Earth Elements as Nanoparticles
• Chapter 12: Rare earth doped nanoparticles and their applications
• 12.1 INTRODUCTION
• 12.2 BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS
• 12.2.1 Nanoparticles for medical treatment
• 12.2.1.1 Hyperthermal therapy
• 12.2.1.2 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
• 12.2.2 Rare earth doped iron oxide nanoparticles
• 12.2.2.1 Iron oxide nanoparticles
• 12.2.2.2 Rare earth nanoparticles
• 12.2.2.3 Rare earth nanoparticle synthesis
• 12.2.2.3.1 Co-precipitation
• 12.2.2.3.2 Electrochemical synthesis.
• 12.2.2.3.3 Thermal decomposition synthesis.