Environmental Technologies to Treat Rare Earth Element Pollution.

• Superior document: Integrated Environmental Technology Series
• Author: Sinharoy, Arindam.
• TeilnehmendeR: Lens, Piet.
• Place / Publishing House: London : : IWA Publishing,, 2022.; Ã2021.
• Year of Publication: 2022
• Edition: 1st ed.
• Language: English
• Series: Integrated Environmental Technology Series
• Physical Description: 1 online resource (342 pages)

Table of Contents

Cover -- Contents -- Preface -- List of Contributors -- Part I: Environmental Technologies to Treat Rare Earth Pollution -- Chapter 1: Environmental technologies to treat pollution by rare earth elements -- 1.1 INTRODUCTION -- 1.2 BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES OF RARE EARTH ELEMENTS -- 1.3 RECOVERY OF RARE EARTH ELEMENTS FROM WASTE RESOURCES -- 1.4 TECHNOLOGIES TO RECOVER RARE EARTH ELEMENTS -- 1.5 APPLICATION OF RARE EARTH ELEMENTS AS NANOPARTICLES -- REFERENCES -- Part II: Biogeochemical Cycles of Rare Earth Elements -- Chapter 2: Discovery and occurrence of lanthanoids and yttrium -- 2.1 NAMING AND STRUCTURE OF LANTHANOIDS AND YTTRIUM -- 2.1.1 Nomenclature -- 2.1.2 Structure -- 2.1.3 Other fancy names of REE -- 2.2 HISTORY OF Y AND REE DISCOVERY -- 2.2.1 Discovery of REE -- 2.2.2 Yttrium, Y, 1794 -- 2.2.3 Lanthanum, La, 1839 -- 2.2.4 Cerium, Ce, 1803 -- 2.2.5 Praseodymium, Pr, 1885 -- 2.2.6 Neodymium, Nd, 1885 -- 2.2.7 Promethium, Pm, 1947 -- 2.2.8 Samarium, Sm, 1879 -- 2.2.9 Europium, Eu, 1901 -- 2.2.10 Gadolinium, Gd, 1880 -- 2.2.11 Terbium, Tb, 1843 -- 2.2.12 Dysprosium, Dy, 1886 -- 2.2.13 Holmium, Ho, 1879 -- 2.2.14 Erbium, Er, 1843 -- 2.2.15 Thulium, Tm, 1879 -- 2.2.16 Ytterbium, Yb, 1878 -- 2.2.17 Lutetium, Lu, 1907 -- 2.3 PRESENTATION OF THE SUITE OF LANTHANOIDS AND Y -- 2.4 OCCURRENCE OF LANTHANOIDS AND Y -- 2.4.1 REY in rocks -- 2.4.2 Analyses of REY in abundant minerals -- 2.4.3 REY distribution in the hydrosphere -- 2.5 REY DEPOSITS -- 2.5.1 Geopolitical sources of rare earth elements production -- 2.5.2 Endogenic enrichment of REY -- 2.5.2.1 Carbonatites -- 2.5.2.2 Pegmatites -- 2.5.2.3 Mountain pass REY deposit -- 2.5.2.4 Bayan Obo REY deposit -- 2.5.2.5 Peralkaline igneous deposits -- 2.5.2.6 Hydrothermal vein deposits -- 2.5.3 Exogenic enrichment -- 2.5.3.1 Regolith-hosted REY deposits -- 2.5.3.2 Ion-adsorbed deposits.

2.5.3.3 Ocean seabed mud -- 2.5.4 Anthropogenic REY enrichments -- 2.6 SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 3: Occurrence and detection of the rare earth elements -- 3.1 INTRODUCTION -- 3.2 MINERALOGY OF THE REE -- 3.3 PRIMARY SOURCES OF THE RARE EARTH ELEMENTS -- 3.4 PROCESSES INVOLVED IN THE FORMATION OF REE DEPOSITS -- 3.4.1 Igneous processes involved in REE deposit formation -- 3.4.2 Hydrothermal processes involved in REE deposit formation -- 3.4.3 Sedimentary, secondary and placer processes -- 3.5 RARE EARTH ELEMENT MINERAL DEPOSIT TYPES -- 3.5.1 Carbonatites -- 3.5.2 Alkaline rocks -- 3.5.3 Granites and rhyolites -- 3.5.4 Iron oxide-copper-gold (IOCG) -- 3.5.5 Unconformity-related -- 3.5.6 Placer and heavy mineral sands -- 3.5.7 Laterite and ionic clay deposits -- 3.6 EXPLORATION FOR REE DEPOSITS -- 3.7 CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 4: Sources and applications of rare earth elements -- 4.1 INTRODUCTION -- 4.1.1 Occurrence in different geological systems, mineralogy and demand -- 4.1.2 Behavior of REE in different geological systems -- 4.2 BRIEF HISTORY OF REE -- 4.3 TYPES OF REE DEPOSITS -- 4.3.1 Primary REE deposits -- 4.3.2 Secondary REE deposits -- 4.3.2.1 Ion-adsorption deposits -- 4.3.2.2 Heavy mineral placer deposits -- 4.4 ALTERNATE SOURCES FOR REE -- 4.4.1 REE in coal and coal fly ash -- 4.4.2 REE in ocean-bottom sediments -- 4.4.3 Phosphorite deposits -- 4.4.4 REE in river sediments -- 4.4.5 Waste rock sources from old and closed mines -- 4.4.6 Red mud -- 4.4.7 Extraterrestrial REE resources -- 4.4.8 REE from electronic and industrial waste -- 4.5 INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS -- 4.5.1 Glass industry -- 4.5.2 Energy-efficient lighting -- 4.5.3 Rechargeable batteries -- 4.5.4 Permanent magnets -- 4.5.5 Electronics -- 4.5.6 Catalysts -- 4.5.7 Alloys -- 4.5.8 Defense applications -- 4.5.9 REE in paints and pigments.

4.5.10 REE in agriculture -- 4.5.11 REE in medicine -- 4.5.12 Miscellaneous -- 4.6 LOOKING INTO THE FUTURE -- REFERENCES -- Part III: Recovery of Rare Earth Elements from Waste Resources -- Chapter 5: Rare earth elements recovery from secondary sources -- 5.1 INTRODUCTION -- 5.2 SOURCES OF REE -- 5.2.1 Brine -- 5.2.2 Coal fly ash -- 5.3 REE RECOVERY FROM BRINE SOLUTIONS -- 5.4 REE RECOVERY FROM COAL FLY ASH -- 5.5 OTHER WASTE SOURCES -- 5.6 CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 6: Rare earth elements recovery from red mud -- 6.1 INTRODUCTION -- 6.2 BAUXITE RESIDUE -- 6.2.1 Production -- 6.2.2 Composition -- 6.2.3 Particle size distribution of red mud -- 6.3 TECHNOLOGY FOR EXTRACTION OF REES FROM BAUXITE RESIDUE -- 6.3.1 Methods for physical beneficiation -- 6.3.1.1 General principle of a hydrocyclone operation process -- 6.3.1.2 General principle of the multi-gravity separator process -- 6.3.1.3 Hydrocyclone and multi-gravity separator for red mud treatment -- 6.3.2 Alkali roasting, smelting and leaching -- 6.3.3 Sulfation, roasting and leaching -- 6.3.4 Direct leaching of mineral acid -- 6.3.5 Pre-concentration-acid leaching -- 6.4 REE SEPARATION PROCESSES -- 6.4.1 Fractional crystallization and precipitation -- 6.4.2 Ion exchange -- 6.4.3 Solvent extraction -- 6.5 CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Part IV: Technologies to Recover Rare Earth Elements -- Chapter 7 Adsorptive recovery of rare earth elements -- 7.1 INTRODUCTION -- 7.2 REE REMOVAL BY CHEMISORBENTS -- 7.2.1 Silica based adsorbents -- 7.2.2 Nanomaterials -- 7.2.3 Surface modification -- 7.3 BIOSORBENTS FOR THE RECOVERY OF REE -- 7.3.1 Advantages of biosorbents -- 7.3.2 Algae based biosorbents -- 7.3.3 Agrowaste -- 7.3.3.1 Animal waste -- 7.3.3.2 Plant-based waste -- 7.3.4 Activated carbon -- 7.3.5 Hydrogels -- 7.4 DESORPTION FOR THE RECOVERY OF ADSORBED REE -- 7.5 FUTURE PERSPECTIVE.

7.6 CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 8: Microbial recovery of rare earth elements -- 8.1 INTRODUCTION -- 8.2 MICROBIAL RECOVERY OF RARE EARTH ELEMENTS -- 8.2.1 Bioleaching -- 8.2.2 Rare earth elements microbial interactions as a biorecovery option -- 8.2.2.1 Microbial cell wall interaction with rare earth elements -- 8.2.2.2 Microbial resistant mechanisms for the recovery of REE -- 8.2.2.2.1 Biosorption -- 8.2.2.2.2 Bioaccumulation -- 8.2.2.2.3 Biomineralization -- 8.2.2.2.4 Bioreduction -- 8.2.3 Selectivity of enzymes as REE recovery strategy -- 8.2.3.1 The role of REE in microbial metabolism -- 8.2.3.2 Selectivity of enzymes for REE -- 8.3 CHALLENGES AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES OF REE BIORECOVERY -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 9: Bioleaching of rare earth elements from industrial and electronic wastes: mechanism and process efficiency -- 9.1 INTRODUCTION -- 9.2 MICROBIAL PROCESSES FOR RECOVERY OF RARE EARTH ELEMENTS (REE) -- 9.2.1 REE mobilization -- 9.2.1.1 Redoxolysis -- 9.2.1.2 Acidolysis -- 9.2.1.3 Complexolysis -- 9.2.2 REE biorecovery -- 9.2.2.1 Biosorption -- 9.2.2.2 Bioaccumulation -- 9.2.2.3 Bioprecipitation -- 9.3 ROLE OF ALGAL AND FUNGAL SPECIES IN THE RECOVERY OF REE -- 9.3.1 Algae -- 9.3.2 Fungi -- 9.4 MICROBIAL RECOVERY OF REE FROM DIFFERENT WASTES -- 9.4.1 Coal fly ash -- 9.4.2 Electronic wastes -- 9.4.3 Red mud -- 9.5 CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 10: Biological recovery of rare earth elements from mine drainage using the sulfidogenic process -- 10.1 INTRODUCTION -- 10.2 REACTIVITY OF REE-BEARING MINERALS -- 10.2.1 Reactivity of REE-bearing carbonates -- 10.2.2 Reactivity of REE-bearing silicates -- 10.2.3 Reactivity of REE-bearing phosphates -- 10.3 CONVENTIONAL METHODS FOR RECOVERY OF REE -- 10.4 REE-RICH WASTEWATER ASSOCIATED WITH ACID MINE DRAINAGE -- 10.5 RECOVERY OF REE THROUGH BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT.

10.5.1 SRB treatment of REE-containing mining waste -- 10.5.2 Treatment of phosphogypsum waste leachate -- 10.5.2.1 Bioreactor performance -- 10.5.2.2 Mineralogy of the REE precipitates -- 10.5.3 Sulfidic treatment of AMD -- 10.5.3.1 Bioreactor performance -- 10.5.3.2 Mineralogy of REE precipitates -- 10.5.3.3 Toxicity of REE to bioreactor sludge -- 10.6 ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY OF REE RECOVERY FROM SECONDARY SOURCES -- 10.7 FINAL CONSIDERATION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 11: Plant based removal and recovery of rare earth elements -- 11.1 INTRODUCTION -- 11.2 SOURCES AND RELEASE OF REE IN THE ENVIRONMENT -- 11.2.1 Chemical characteristics of REE -- 11.2.2 Sources of REE -- 11.2.2.1 Natural sources -- 11.2.2.2 Industrial sources -- 11.3 EXTRACTION AND RECOVERY OF REE -- 11.3.1 Phytoextraction -- 11.3.1.1 Agromining -- 11.3.1.2 REE plant uptake -- 11.3.1.3 Sequential extraction of REE from soil -- 11.3.2 Other extraction methods -- 11.4 PHYTOREMEDIATION OF REE -- 11.4.1 Plant metabolism for REE phytoremediation -- 11.4.1.1 Plant species selection -- 11.4.1.2 Bioindicator plants -- 11.4.1.3 REE in plant metabolism -- 11.4.2 Plants biomass for biosorption -- 11.5 WETLANDS FOR REE RETENTION AND RECOVERY -- 11.5.1 Natural wetlands -- 11.5.2 Constructed wetlands -- 11.6 CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- Part V: Application of Rare Earth Elements as Nanoparticles -- Chapter 12: Rare earth doped nanoparticles and their applications -- 12.1 INTRODUCTION -- 12.2 BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS -- 12.2.1 Nanoparticles for medical treatment -- 12.2.1.1 Hyperthermal therapy -- 12.2.1.2 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) -- 12.2.2 Rare earth doped iron oxide nanoparticles -- 12.2.2.1 Iron oxide nanoparticles -- 12.2.2.2 Rare earth nanoparticles -- 12.2.2.3 Rare earth nanoparticle synthesis -- 12.2.2.3.1 Co-precipitation -- 12.2.2.3.2 Electrochemical synthesis.

12.2.2.3.3 Thermal decomposition synthesis.