When Children Draw Gods : : A Multicultural and Interdisciplinary Approach to Children's Representations of Supernatural Agents.

When Children Draw Gods : : A Multicultural and Interdisciplinary Approach to Children's Representations of Supernatural Agents.

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Superior document:New Approaches to the Scientific Study of Religion Series ; v.12
:
Brandt, Pierre-Yves.
TeilnehmendeR:
Dandarova-Robert, Zhargalma.
Cocco, Christelle.
Vinck, Dominique.
Darbellay, édéric.
Place / Publishing House:Cham : : Springer International Publishing AG,, 2023.
©2023.
Year of Publication:2023
Edition:1st ed.
Language:English
Series:New Approaches to the Scientific Study of Religion Series
Online Access:
Physical Description:1 online resource (560 pages)
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Table of Contents:
  • Intro
  • Contents
  • Chapter 1: Introduction to the Interdisciplinary and Intercultural Project Children's Drawings of Gods: Presentation of the Project and of this Book
  • Presentation of the Children's Drawings of Gods Project
  • A Work in Progress: From the Genesis of the Project to the Present
  • Procedure and Instructions
  • Ethical Considerations
  • God, "God", Gods, Supernatural Agent: A Note on Terminology
  • Organisation of this Book
  • References
  • Part I: Towards an Integrative Model
  • Chapter 2: Integrative Model of Children's Representations of God in Drawings
  • Outline of the Presentation
  • Definitions
  • Anthropomorphism in the Representation of Gods: Cognitive and Developmental Perspectives
  • A Cognitive Perspective
  • A Developmental Perspective
  • Gender in Children's Drawings of Gods
  • Influence of Cultural Representations in Children's Drawings of Gods
  • Children's Drawings of Gods from the Point of View of Attachment Theory
  • Emotionality in Children's Drawings of Gods
  • Impact of Religious Education and Religious Socialization on Children's Drawings of Gods
  • Ambivalence: Attributing Contradictory Properties Simultaneously to Signify a Being Beyond Any Categorization
  • Synthesis
  • References
  • Part II: Focus on the Main Figure: Anthropomorphic and Gender Features
  • Chapter 3: Children's God Representations: Are Anthropomorphic God Figures Only Human?
  • Anthropomorphism in Religion
  • Cognitive Approaches to Religion
  • The Preparedness Hypothesis
  • Ontological Categories of the Divine in Childhood
  • The Semi-Propositional Nature of Cultural Representations
  • Concept Development: Children's Cognition and Socio-Cultural Background
  • Categories and Domain-Specific Information
  • The Importance of Testimony in Children's Development of Various Concepts
  • Complexity of God Figures: A View of Multiplicity.
  • Un-Dichotomizing a Binary-Based Change and Calling into Question Non-Anthropomorphic-Abstract/Symbolic Connections
  • Types of God Representations and Their Multiplicity
  • Conceptual Hybridism: A Case for God Representations?
  • Anthropomorphic vs. Non-Anthropomorphic God Figures in Children's Drawings of God
  • A Revised Developmental Perspective on Anthropomorphic God Representations: Progressive De-Anthropomorphization
  • What Is Meant by De-Anthropomorphization?
  • What Is the Developmental Course for De-Anthropomorphization of Children's Representations of God?
  • General Scientific Rationale
  • Conclusion
  • References
  • Chapter 4: Humanness and Non-Humanness in Children's Drawings of God: A Case Study from French-Speaking Switzerland
  • Current Research
  • General Rationale
  • Purpose of This Research
  • General Method
  • Data Collection
  • Participants
  • Materials
  • Procedure
  • Religiosity Measures
  • Predictor Variables
  • Religious Affiliation and Prayer Practice
  • Statistical Analyses
  • Study 1: Anthropomorphic vs. Non-Anthropomorphic God Figures: A Replication Study
  • Study 1: Aim, Objective, and Research Question
  • Hypotheses
  • Construction of a Model of Anthropomorphism in God Representations
  • Classification Procedure
  • Classification System in the Model
  • Results
  • Discussion
  • Study 2: Beyond Binaries: Empirically Testing Children's Utilization of De-Anthropomorphization Strategies
  • Aim, Objective and Research Question
  • Hypotheses
  • Method
  • Assessment and Analyses
  • Familiarization with the Data, Inventorying and Sampling Down
  • De-Anthropomorphizing Strategies
  • Cross-Category
  • Within-the-Human-Figure Category: Features
  • Scission-Combination
  • Through the Background
  • Constructing a Model of De-Anthropomorphization
  • Samples
  • Scoring Procedure
  • Sample Characteristics
  • Results.
  • Hypotheses Testing
  • Testing Hypothesis 1
  • De-Anthropomorphization
  • Testing Hypothesis 2
  • Developmental Patterns
  • Additional Considerations: Fundamental Graphic Techniques
  • Discussion
  • General Discussion
  • Limitations and Future Research
  • Practical Implications
  • Religious Education
  • General Teaching
  • Conclusion
  • Appendix
  • References
  • Chapter 5: Construction and Transgression of Gender Categories in Representations of Divine Figures: A Cross-Cultural Study of Children's Drawings
  • Data Collection in Several Socio-Cultural and Religious Environments
  • Hurdles Faced by the Participants, Hurdles Faced by the Researchers
  • Forms of Normative Pressure and Transgressive Gender Typing
  • Gender Categories and Children's Socio-Demographics
  • Data Sample
  • Gender Categories and Object of Study
  • Distribution of Gender Categories
  • Cross-Cultural and Inter-Faith Comparison on Feminine Figures
  • Gender of the Divine Figure vs. Gender of Participant
  • Developmental Aspects
  • Summary
  • Strategies Used by Children to Express Gender in Drawings of God
  • Masculine Divine Figures
  • Feminine Divine Figures
  • Androgynous Divine Figures
  • Undifferentiated Divine Figures
  • Summary
  • Discussion
  • References
  • Chapter 6: Where Gods Dwell? Part I: Spatial Imagery in Children's Drawings of Gods
  • God's Dwelling Place as Shown in Children's Drawings: A Literature Review
  • Aims of the Study
  • Data Sample
  • Method
  • Drawing Task
  • Coding Drawings
  • Statistical Analysis
  • Results
  • Effects of Culture and Religion
  • Effects of Age
  • Effect of Children's Gender
  • Effects of Religious or Regular Schooling Contexts
  • Discussion
  • Conclusion
  • References
  • Chapter 7: Where Gods Dwell? Part II: Embodied Cognition Approach and Children's Drawings of Gods.
  • The Embodied Cognition Approach and God Representation: A Literature Review
  • Aims and Hypotheses
  • Data Sample
  • Method
  • Drawing Task
  • Annotation
  • Statistical Analysis
  • Results
  • Control of Drawing Orientation and Composition Type
  • Location of the God Figure in Relation to the Midline of the Page
  • Predictors of an Up-Location of the God Figure
  • Distribution of God Figures Across Three Parts of the Page: Down, Middle, Up
  • Discussion
  • Conclusion
  • Limits of the Present Research and Potential Directions of Future Research
  • References
  • Part III: Focus on Material Features
  • Chapter 8: Automated Colour Identification and Quantification in Children's Drawings of God
  • Colour in Religion
  • Colour in General Children's Drawings Research
  • Colour in Children's Drawings of Gods
  • Hypotheses and Aims
  • Method
  • Drawing Task
  • Sample
  • Automated Colour Identification
  • Data Analysis
  • Results
  • Number of Colours Used in Drawings
  • Country and/or Culture
  • Gender
  • Age
  • Type of Schooling
  • The Most Used Colours in the Whole Dataset
  • The Most Used Colours by Country, Gender, Age, and Type of Schooling
  • Country and/or Culture
  • Gender
  • Age
  • Type of Schooling
  • General Discussion
  • Conclusion
  • Limitations
  • References
  • Chapter 9: Computer Vision and Mathematical Methods Used to Analyse Children's Drawings of God(s)
  • Method
  • Dataset
  • Features
  • Gravity
  • Colour Frequencies
  • Colour Organization
  • God Position
  • Anthropomorphism
  • Dissimilarities Based on Features
  • Clustering Based on Dissimilarities
  • Results
  • Anthropomorphism
  • Position and Gravity
  • Position
  • Gravity
  • Combination of Position and Gravity
  • Colour
  • Colour Frequencies
  • Colour Gravity
  • Colour Organization
  • Combination of Features Directly Extracted from the Drawing
  • Combination of All Features.
  • Correlation Between Numeric Features
  • Discussion
  • References
  • Part IV: Focus on Emotional Features and Attachment Style
  • Chapter 10: Emotional Expression in Children's Drawings of God
  • The Development of Expressive Drawing and Individual Differences
  • The Case for Studying Emotional Expression in Children's Concept of God
  • Research on Children's Drawings of God
  • A Quantitative Examination on the Intensity and Valence of Emotional Expression in Children's Drawings of God
  • Narrative Account of God and Theological Themes
  • God is Sovereign and Ineffable
  • God the Creator
  • God Is Love, Peace, Watching over Us
  • God Is Angry and Punishing
  • Jesus' Crucifixion and/or Sacrifice
  • God Is Our Friend, Our Guide
  • Heaven and Hell
  • Discussion
  • References
  • Chapter 11: Different Attachment Styles in Relation to Children's Drawings of God: A Qualitative Exploration of the Use of Symbols in a Dutch Sample
  • Theoretical Framework: God Representations and Attachment Theory
  • Attachment Relationships and Religion
  • Children's Drawings of Gods and Attachment
  • Empirical Research: Process, Findings, and New Questions
  • Comparing Drawings by Securely and Insecurely Attached Children: A Qualitative Analysis
  • Research Questions, Hypotheses and Attachment Questionnaire
  • Method
  • Results
  • Images
  • Discussion and Conclusion
  • References
  • Part V: Focus on Specific Cultural Contexts
  • Chapter 12: Iranian Children's Drawings of God: Demographic and Contextual Considerations
  • Method
  • Population and Sample
  • Instruments
  • Procedure
  • Data Analysis Methods
  • Ethical Considerations
  • Results
  • Discussion
  • Children's Representations of God
  • Representations of God in Terms of Child's Gender
  • Children's Representations of God in Terms of Their Age
  • Children's Representations of God in Terms of Their Social Environment.
  • Masculinity-Femininity of the Representation of God in Terms of Participant's Gender and Age.

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