Product Development Within Artificial Intelligence, Ethics and Legal Risk : : Exemplary for Safe Autonomous Vehicles.

• Author: Winkle, Thomas.
• Place / Publishing House: Wiesbaden : : Springer Vieweg. in Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden GmbH,, 2022.; ©2022.
• Year of Publication: 2022
• Edition: 1st ed.
• Language: English
• Physical Description: 1 online resource (281 pages)

Table of Contents

Intro -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- Danksagungen -- Abstract -- Zusammenfassung -- Symbols -- Contents -- Abbreviations -- List of Figures -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Initial situation -- 1.2 Objective and Research Questions -- 2 Findings from Traffic Accident Analysis -- 2.1 Motivation -- 2.2 Categorizing the Levels of Driving Automation -- 2.3 Accident Data to Demonstrate Potential Safety Benefits and Risks -- 2.4 Federal Road Traffic Accident Statistics in Germany -- 2.5 German In-Depth Accident Study (GIDAS) -- 2.6 Road Traffic Accident Statistics in the USA -- 2.7 International Road Accident Data Collections -- 2.8 Accident Data Collections of Automobile Manufacturers -- 2.9 Accident Data of the German Insurance Association -- 2.10 Accident Data Collections of Consumer Associations (ADAC) -- 2.11 The Fundamentals of Accident Data Analysis -- 2.11.1 Level of Data Collection versus Number of Cases -- 2.11.2 The Validity of Areas of Action Compared to Areas of Efficiency -- 2.11.3 Potential Safety Benefits Depending on Automation Levels and Degree of Efficiency -- 2.12 Significance of Possible Predictions Based on Accident Data -- 2.12.1 A Posteriori Analyses of Accident Data for "Driver Only"/"No Automation" -- 2.12.2 A Priori Predictions for Assisted and Partially Automated Driving -- 2.12.3 Potential Safety Benefits and Test Scenarios for Development of Highly and Fully Automated Driving -- 2.13 Potential Safety Benefits / Risks and Impacts on Testing -- 2.13.1 Human Error versus Technical Failure in Full Automation -- 2.13.2 Potential Safety Benefits - Human and Machine Performance -- 2.13.3 Artificial Intelligence versus Human Perception Limits and Consequence -- 2.13.4 Human Error versus Artificial Intelligence Incertitudes -- 2.13.5 Potential Safety Benefits of Fully Automated Vehicles in Inevitable Incidents.

2.14 Conclusion and Outlook -- 3 Analysis of Poor Visibility Real-World Test Scenarios -- 3.1 Motivation -- 3.2 Safe Development, Validation and Testing -- 3.2.1 Return of Feedback from Lifecycle of Automated Vehicles -- 3.2.2 Requirements for Automated Driving to Minimize Risk -- 3.3 Real-World Scenarios for Development and Testing -- 3.3.1 Machine versus Human Perception Limits with Consequences for Testing -- 3.3.2 Relevant Real-World Scenarios for Development and Testing -- 3.3.3 Integration of Relevant Test Scenarios for Safe Automated Vehicles -- 3.3.4 Test Scenarios and Requirements in Relation to Legal and Ethical Aspects -- 3.4 Conclusion and Outlook -- 4 Technical, Legal, and Economic Risks -- 4.1 Introduction Development -- 4.2 Motivation -- 4.3 Questions of Increased Automation's Product Safety -- 4.4 Continued Technical Development of Assistance Systems - New Opportunities and Risks -- 4.5 Expectations Regarding Safety of Complex Vehicle Technology -- 4.5.1 Steadily Rising Consumer Expectations for Vehicle Safety -- 4.5.2 Current Safety Expectations of Potential Users -- 4.5.3 Considerations of Risks and Benefits -- 4.6 Legal Requirements and Effects -- 4.6.1 Generally Accepted Rules of Technology -- 4.6.2 The Product Safety Law (ProdSG) -- 4.6.3 The Product Liability Law (ProdHaftG) -- 4.6.4 Ethics, Court Judgments to Operational Risk and Avoidability -- 4.7 Product Safety Enhancement in Automated Vehicles Based on Expert Knowledge from Liability and Warranty Claims -- 4.7.1 Experience from Product Crises and Traffic Accidents -- 4.7.2 Potential Hazard Situations at the Beginning of Development -- 4.7.3 Methods for Assessing Risks during Development -- 4.7.4 Approval Criteria from Expert Knowledge -- 4.7.5 Steps to Increase Product Safety of Automated Vehicles in the General Development Process.

4.7.6 Product Monitoring After Market Launch -- 4.7.7 Steps for Internationally Agreed Best Practices -- 4.8 Conclusion and Outlook: -- 5 Qualitative Interviews with Developers -- 5.1 Response from a Guided Development Process -- 5.2 Engineers: Sensible Creativity under Time Pressure -- 5.3 Psychologist within Development: Priority to Driver's Needs -- 5.4 Executives Focus on Responsibility for Duty of Care -- 5.5 Advantages of Guideline-Based Development -- 5.6 Conclusion: Structured Expert Communication Improves Quality -- 6 Consulting Concept to Develop New Systems -- 6.1 Intrinsic Motivation -- 6.2 Consulting Questions to Fulfill Duty of Care -- 6.3 Conclusion: Structured Guidelines Support a Safe System -- 7 Summary and Discussion -- 7.1 Current agile management changes -- 7.2 Findings -- 7.3 Integration of findings -- Annex A: Change in Jurisdiction on the Responsibility for Pedestrian Accidents -- Annex B: Summarized Questions for Developers -- Annex C: Questionnaire for Qualitative Interviews with Developers -- Suggested online questionnaire on guided development -- Additional Figures -- Glossary -- References: Collaborations out of research groups -- European Commission Project RESPONSE 2 -- European Commission Project RESPONSE 3 -- German Research Project simTD (Safe intelligent mobility - Test Field Germany) -- Research with Fraunhofer IVI and TU Munich -- References of the author -- List of References.