Assessment of Cancer Screening : : A Primer.

Assessment of Cancer Screening : : A Primer.

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Bibliographic Details
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Marcus, Pamela M.
Place / Publishing House:Cham : : Springer International Publishing AG,, 2022.
©2022.
Year of Publication:2022
Edition:1st ed.
Language:English
Online Access:
Physical Description:1 online resource (138 pages)
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Table of Contents:
  • Intro
  • Foreword
  • Preface
  • Acknowledgments
  • Contents
  • Contents
  • Contents
  • 1: Foundations
  • 1.1 Cancer
  • 1.2 Cancer Statistics
  • 1.3 Cancer Screening
  • 1.4 Population-Based Cancer Screening
  • 1.5 Choosing the Cancers for Which We Screen
  • 1.6 Choosing Who to Screen
  • 1.7 The Cancer Screening Process
  • 1.8 Cancer Screening Tests
  • 1.9 Organized Screening Programs Versus Opportunistic Screening
  • 1.10 Benefit Versus Harm
  • 1.11 Efficacy and Effectiveness of Cancer Screening
  • 1.12 Cancer Screening: Turning Healthy People Into Cancer Patients
  • References
  • 2: Behind the Scenes
  • 2.1 A Simple Model of the Natural History of Cancer
  • 2.2 Three Important Phenomena in Screen Detection of Cancer
  • 2.2.1 Lead Time
  • 2.2.2 Length-Weighted Sampling
  • 2.2.3 Overdiagnosis
  • 3: Performance Measures
  • 3.1 The Building Blocks of Performance Measures
  • 3.1.1 Cancer Screening Test Result
  • 3.1.2 Cancer: Present or Not?
  • 3.2 Calculating Cancer Screening Performance Measures
  • 3.2.1 The Formulas
  • 3.2.2 The Relationship Between PPV, NPV, and Prevalence
  • 3.2.3 The Implications of Low PPV
  • 3.2.4 Can PPV Be Improved?
  • 3.3 ROC Curves and AUC
  • 3.3.1 ROC Curves
  • 3.3.2 Calculating AUC
  • 3.4 Performance Measures: Evidence or Not?
  • References
  • 4: Population Measures: Definitions
  • 4.1 Intermediate Outcomes
  • 4.1.1 Cancer Incidence
  • 4.1.2 Calculating a Cancer Incidence Rate: A Fictional Example
  • 4.1.3 Stage Distribution
  • 4.1.4 Case Survival
  • 4.2 Definitive Outcomes
  • 4.2.1 Cause-Specific and all-Cause Mortality
  • 4.2.2 Calculating Mortality Rates: A Fictional Example
  • References
  • 5: Population Measures: Cancer Screening's Impact
  • 5.1 Cancer Screening's Impact on Intermediate Outcomes
  • 5.1.1 Cancer Incidence
  • 5.1.2 Cancer Incidence Example.
  • 5.1.3 Stage at Diagnosis
  • 5.1.4 Stage at Diagnosis Example
  • 5.1.5 Case Survival
  • 5.1.6 Case Survival Example
  • 5.2 Cancer Screening's Impact on Definitive Outcomes
  • 5.2.1 Mortality Rates and the Three Screening Phenomena
  • 5.2.2 Cause-Specific Mortality Rates
  • 5.2.3 Sticking Diagnosis, Slippery Linkage, and Assessment of Cancer Screening
  • 5.2.4 Cause of Death Review
  • 5.2.5 Cause-Specific Mortality Rates: Definitive Enough?
  • 5.2.6 All-Cause Mortality
  • References
  • 6: Experimental Research Designs
  • 6.1 An Overview of Experimental Study Designs
  • 6.2 Individual-Level Randomized Controlled Trials of Screening
  • 6.2.1 Design Features
  • 6.2.2 Analysis Features
  • 6.2.3 Strengths and Weaknesses
  • 6.2.4 Example of an Individual-Level Cancer Screening RCT
  • 6.3 Cluster-Level Randomized Controlled Trials of Cancer Screening
  • 6.3.1 Design Features
  • 6.3.2 Analysis Features
  • 6.3.3 Strengths and Weaknesses
  • 6.3.4 Example of a Cluster-Level Cancer Screening RCT
  • 6.4 Pragmatic Randomized Controlled Trials of Cancer Screening
  • 6.4.1 Examples of Pragmatic Cancer Screening RCTs
  • References
  • 7: Observational Research Designs
  • 7.1 An Overview of Observational Study Designs
  • 7.2 Cohort Studies
  • 7.2.1 Design Features
  • 7.2.2 Analysis Features
  • 7.2.3 Strengths and Weaknesses
  • 7.2.4 Variations
  • 7.2.5 Examples of Cancer Screening Cohort Studies
  • 7.3 Case-Control Studies
  • 7.3.1 Design Features
  • 7.3.2 Analysis Features
  • 7.3.3 Strengths and Weaknesses
  • 7.3.4 Example of Case-Control Studies of Cancer Screening
  • 7.4 Ecologic Studies
  • 7.4.1 Design Features
  • 7.4.2 Analysis Features
  • 7.4.3 Strengths and Weaknesses
  • 7.4.4 Variations
  • 7.4.5 Examples of Ecologic Studies of Cancer Screening
  • 7.5 Single-Arm Studies
  • 7.5.1 Design Features.
  • 7.5.2 Analysis Features
  • 7.5.3 Strengths and Weaknesses
  • 7.5.4 Variations
  • 7.5.5 Examples of Cancer Screening Single-Arm Studies
  • 7.6 Two-in-One Single-Arm Studies
  • 7.6.1 Design Features
  • 7.6.2 Analysis Features
  • 7.6.3 Strengths and Weaknesses
  • 7.6.4 Examples of Two-in-One Single-Arm Studies
  • 7.7 All Study Designs: Critical Data Elements
  • References
  • 8: Cancer Prevention Screening
  • 8.1 Chapter 1: Foundations
  • 8.2 Chapter 2: Behind the Scenes
  • 8.3 Chapter 3: Performance Measures
  • 8.4 Chapter 4: Population Measures: Definitions
  • 8.5 Chapter 5: Population Measures: Cancer Screening's Impact
  • 8.6 Chapter 6: Experimental Research Designs
  • 8.7 Chapter 7: Observational Research Designs
  • 8.7.1 Example of a Case-Control Study of Cancer Screening with an Outcome of Invasive Disease
  • References
  • 9: Additional Considerations
  • 9.1 Topics Regarding Data Interpretation
  • 9.1.1 Number Needed to Screen
  • 9.1.2 Generalizability of Results
  • 9.1.3 Concurrent Changes in Treatment
  • 9.2 Topics Regarding Methodology
  • 9.2.1 Microsimulation Modeling
  • 9.2.2 Magnitude of Overdiagnosis
  • 9.2.3 Incidence and Prevalence Screens
  • 9.2.4 Interval Cancers
  • 9.3 Topics Regarding Policy
  • 9.3.1 Selecting a Cancer Screening Interval
  • 9.3.2 De-implementation
  • 9.3.3 Reduction in Advanced-Stage Cancer
  • 9.3.4 Benefit in the Absence of a Mortality Reduction
  • References
  • 10: Closing Thoughts
  • References.

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