Assessment of Cancer Screening : : A Primer.

• Author: Marcus, Pamela M.
• Place / Publishing House: Cham : : Springer International Publishing AG,, 2022.; ©2022.
• Year of Publication: 2022
• Edition: 1st ed.
• Language: English
• Physical Description: 1 online resource (138 pages)

Table of Contents

Intro -- Foreword -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- Contents -- Contents -- 1: Foundations -- 1.1 Cancer -- 1.2 Cancer Statistics -- 1.3 Cancer Screening -- 1.4 Population-Based Cancer Screening -- 1.5 Choosing the Cancers for Which We Screen -- 1.6 Choosing Who to Screen -- 1.7 The Cancer Screening Process -- 1.8 Cancer Screening Tests -- 1.9 Organized Screening Programs Versus Opportunistic Screening -- 1.10 Benefit Versus Harm -- 1.11 Efficacy and Effectiveness of Cancer Screening -- 1.12 Cancer Screening: Turning Healthy People Into Cancer Patients -- References -- 2: Behind the Scenes -- 2.1 A Simple Model of the Natural History of Cancer -- 2.2 Three Important Phenomena in Screen Detection of Cancer -- 2.2.1 Lead Time -- 2.2.2 Length-Weighted Sampling -- 2.2.3 Overdiagnosis -- 3: Performance Measures -- 3.1 The Building Blocks of Performance Measures -- 3.1.1 Cancer Screening Test Result -- 3.1.2 Cancer: Present or Not? -- 3.2 Calculating Cancer Screening Performance Measures -- 3.2.1 The Formulas -- 3.2.2 The Relationship Between PPV, NPV, and Prevalence -- 3.2.3 The Implications of Low PPV -- 3.2.4 Can PPV Be Improved? -- 3.3 ROC Curves and AUC -- 3.3.1 ROC Curves -- 3.3.2 Calculating AUC -- 3.4 Performance Measures: Evidence or Not? -- References -- 4: Population Measures: Definitions -- 4.1 Intermediate Outcomes -- 4.1.1 Cancer Incidence -- 4.1.2 Calculating a Cancer Incidence Rate: A Fictional Example -- 4.1.3 Stage Distribution -- 4.1.4 Case Survival -- 4.2 Definitive Outcomes -- 4.2.1 Cause-Specific and all-Cause Mortality -- 4.2.2 Calculating Mortality Rates: A Fictional Example -- References -- 5: Population Measures: Cancer Screening's Impact -- 5.1 Cancer Screening's Impact on Intermediate Outcomes -- 5.1.1 Cancer Incidence -- 5.1.2 Cancer Incidence Example.

5.1.3 Stage at Diagnosis -- 5.1.4 Stage at Diagnosis Example -- 5.1.5 Case Survival -- 5.1.6 Case Survival Example -- 5.2 Cancer Screening's Impact on Definitive Outcomes -- 5.2.1 Mortality Rates and the Three Screening Phenomena -- 5.2.2 Cause-Specific Mortality Rates -- 5.2.3 Sticking Diagnosis, Slippery Linkage, and Assessment of Cancer Screening -- 5.2.4 Cause of Death Review -- 5.2.5 Cause-Specific Mortality Rates: Definitive Enough? -- 5.2.6 All-Cause Mortality -- References -- 6: Experimental Research Designs -- 6.1 An Overview of Experimental Study Designs -- 6.2 Individual-Level Randomized Controlled Trials of Screening -- 6.2.1 Design Features -- 6.2.2 Analysis Features -- 6.2.3 Strengths and Weaknesses -- 6.2.4 Example of an Individual-Level Cancer Screening RCT -- 6.3 Cluster-Level Randomized Controlled Trials of Cancer Screening -- 6.3.1 Design Features -- 6.3.2 Analysis Features -- 6.3.3 Strengths and Weaknesses -- 6.3.4 Example of a Cluster-Level Cancer Screening RCT -- 6.4 Pragmatic Randomized Controlled Trials of Cancer Screening -- 6.4.1 Examples of Pragmatic Cancer Screening RCTs -- References -- 7: Observational Research Designs -- 7.1 An Overview of Observational Study Designs -- 7.2 Cohort Studies -- 7.2.1 Design Features -- 7.2.2 Analysis Features -- 7.2.3 Strengths and Weaknesses -- 7.2.4 Variations -- 7.2.5 Examples of Cancer Screening Cohort Studies -- 7.3 Case-Control Studies -- 7.3.1 Design Features -- 7.3.2 Analysis Features -- 7.3.3 Strengths and Weaknesses -- 7.3.4 Example of Case-Control Studies of Cancer Screening -- 7.4 Ecologic Studies -- 7.4.1 Design Features -- 7.4.2 Analysis Features -- 7.4.3 Strengths and Weaknesses -- 7.4.4 Variations -- 7.4.5 Examples of Ecologic Studies of Cancer Screening -- 7.5 Single-Arm Studies -- 7.5.1 Design Features.

7.5.2 Analysis Features -- 7.5.3 Strengths and Weaknesses -- 7.5.4 Variations -- 7.5.5 Examples of Cancer Screening Single-Arm Studies -- 7.6 Two-in-One Single-Arm Studies -- 7.6.1 Design Features -- 7.6.2 Analysis Features -- 7.6.3 Strengths and Weaknesses -- 7.6.4 Examples of Two-in-One Single-Arm Studies -- 7.7 All Study Designs: Critical Data Elements -- References -- 8: Cancer Prevention Screening -- 8.1 Chapter 1: Foundations -- 8.2 Chapter 2: Behind the Scenes -- 8.3 Chapter 3: Performance Measures -- 8.4 Chapter 4: Population Measures: Definitions -- 8.5 Chapter 5: Population Measures: Cancer Screening's Impact -- 8.6 Chapter 6: Experimental Research Designs -- 8.7 Chapter 7: Observational Research Designs -- 8.7.1 Example of a Case-Control Study of Cancer Screening with an Outcome of Invasive Disease -- References -- 9: Additional Considerations -- 9.1 Topics Regarding Data Interpretation -- 9.1.1 Number Needed to Screen -- 9.1.2 Generalizability of Results -- 9.1.3 Concurrent Changes in Treatment -- 9.2 Topics Regarding Methodology -- 9.2.1 Microsimulation Modeling -- 9.2.2 Magnitude of Overdiagnosis -- 9.2.3 Incidence and Prevalence Screens -- 9.2.4 Interval Cancers -- 9.3 Topics Regarding Policy -- 9.3.1 Selecting a Cancer Screening Interval -- 9.3.2 De-implementation -- 9.3.3 Reduction in Advanced-Stage Cancer -- 9.3.4 Benefit in the Absence of a Mortality Reduction -- References -- 10: Closing Thoughts -- References.