Assessment of Climate Change over the Indian Region : : A Report of the Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES), Government of India.

• Author: Krishnan, R.
• TeilnehmendeR: Sanjay, J.; Gnanaseelan, Chellappan.; Mujumdar, Milind.; Kulkarni, Ashwini.; Chakraborty, Supriyo.
• Place / Publishing House: Singapore : : Springer Singapore Pte. Limited,, 2020.; Ã2020.
• Year of Publication: 2020
• Edition: 1st ed.
• Language: English
• Physical Description: 1 online resource (243 pages)

Table of Contents

Intro -- Foreword by M. Rajeevan -- Foreword by J. Srinivasan -- Preface -- Executive Summary -- Observed Changes in Global Climate -- Projected Changes in Global Climate -- Climate Change in India: Observed and Projected Changes -- Contents -- About the Editors -- 1 Introduction to Climate Change Over the Indian Region -- 1.1 General Introduction -- 1.1.1 Setting the Regional Context -- 1.1.2 Key Scientific Issues -- 1.1.3 IITM-ESM: A Climate Modelling Initiative from India -- 1.2 Global and Regional Climate Change -- 1.2.1 Observed Changes in Global Climate -- 1.2.2 Projected Changes in Global Climate -- 1.2.3 Contribution from IITM-ESM -- 1.2.4 Synthesis of Regional Climate Change -- 1.3 Scope of the Report -- References -- 2 Temperature Changes in India -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Observed Temperature Changes Over India -- 2.2.1 Mean Temperature -- 2.2.2 Causes of Observed Changes -- 2.2.3 Temperature Extremes -- 2.3 Projected Temperature Changes Over India -- 2.3.1 Mean Temperature -- 2.3.2 Temperature Extremes -- 2.4 Knowledge Gaps -- 2.5 Summary -- References -- 3 Precipitation Changes in India -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Observed Changes in Mean Precipitation and Circulation -- 3.2.1 Precipitation Records in Paleo Time Scale-Inferences from Proxies -- 3.2.2 Recent Changes in Precipitation -- 3.2.3 Understanding the Observed Changes in the Summer Monsoon Precipitation -- 3.2.3.1 Anthropogenic Causes of Observed Precipitation Changes -- 3.2.3.2 Changes in Circulation Features -- 3.2.3.3 Observed Changes in Active/Break Spells -- 3.2.3.4 Changes in Onset Characteristics -- 3.3 Projected Changes in Precipitation Over India -- 3.3.1 Future Changes in the Summer Monsoon -- 3.3.2 Future Changes in Northeast Monsoon -- 3.4 Changes in Daily Precipitation Extremes -- 3.4.1 Observed Changes and Their Attribution.

3.4.2 Future Projections of Precipitation Extremes -- 3.5 Uncertainties in Projected Precipitation Changes -- 3.6 Knowledge Gaps -- 3.7 Summary -- References -- 4 Observations and Modeling of GHG Concentrations and Fluxes Over India -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Observational Aspects of GHGs Research in India -- 4.2.1 Carbon Dioxide (CO2) -- 4.2.2 Methane (CH4) -- 4.3 Greenhouse Gas Flux Measurements in Natural Ecosystems -- 4.3.1 Carbon Dioxide Fluxes and Net Ecosystem Exchange -- 4.3.2 Methane Fluxes -- 4.3.3 Carbon Inventory of the Indian Forests -- 4.3.4 Agricultural Ecosystem -- 4.3.5 Other Observations -- 4.3.6 Nitrous Oxide Fluxes -- 4.4 Model Simulation of GHGs -- 4.4.1 Biogeochemical Model Study -- 4.4.2 Greenhouse gases Emission and Projections -- 4.5 Knowledge Gaps -- 4.6 Summary -- References -- 5 Atmospheric Aerosols and Trace Gases -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Aerosols -- 5.2.1 Emissions of Different Aerosol Species -- 5.2.2 Long-Term Change in Aerosol Optical Depth -- 5.2.3 Climate Model Simulations and Future Projections of Aerosol Properties -- 5.2.4 Aerosol Radiative Forcing -- 5.2.4.1 Radiative Forcing Due to All Aerosols -- 5.2.4.2 Radiative Forcing Due to Different Species of Aerosols -- 5.2.5 Impact of Absorbing Aerosols on Himalayan Snow/Ice Cover -- 5.2.6 Aerosol-Cloud Interaction: Indirect Effect of Aerosols -- 5.2.7 Impact of Convective Transport of Aerosols -- 5.3 Trace Gases -- 5.3.1 Trends in Ozone -- 5.3.1.1 Total Ozone Column -- 5.3.1.2 Tropospheric Ozone -- 5.3.1.3 Ozone Trends in the Upper Troposphere and Stratosphere -- 5.3.2 Emissions of Ozone Precursors -- 5.3.3 Trends of Tropospheric NOx, CO, NMVOCs, and PAN -- 5.3.4 Variations in Ozone and NOx Due to Lightning -- 5.3.5 Radiative Forcing due to Ozone and Precursor Gases -- 5.4 Influence of Transport Processes -- 5.4.1 Influence of Stratosphere to Troposphere Transport.

5.4.2 Influence of Transport Associated with Quasi-biennial Oscillation -- 5.5 Impact of Volcanic Eruptions -- 5.6 Knowledge Gaps -- 5.7 Summary -- References -- 6 Droughts and Floods -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Observed Variability of Droughts -- 6.2.1 Drought Mechanism -- 6.2.2 Palaeoclimatic Evidences -- 6.3 Observed Variability of Floods -- 6.3.1 Urban/Coastal Floods -- 6.3.2 River Floods -- 6.3.3 Palaeoclimatic Evidences -- 6.4 Future Projections -- 6.4.1 Droughts -- 6.4.2 Floods -- 6.5 Knowledge Gaps -- 6.6 Summary -- References -- 7 Synoptic Scale Systems -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.1.1 Monsoon Low-Pressure Systems -- 7.1.2 Western Disturbances -- 7.2 Observed Variability and Future Projections -- 7.2.1 Monsoon LPS -- 7.2.2 WDs -- 7.3 Knowledge Gaps -- 7.4 Summary -- References -- 8 Extreme Storms -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Synoptic-Scale Extreme Storms -- 8.2.1 Historical Changes -- 8.2.2 Climate Change Implications and Projected Changes -- 8.3 Localized Severe Storms -- 8.3.1 Historical Changes -- 8.3.2 Projected Changes -- 8.4 Knowledge Gaps -- 8.5 Summary -- References -- 9 Sea-Level Rise -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Physical Factors Contributing to Sea-Level Rise -- 9.2.1 Ocean Warming -- 9.2.2 Glaciers Melting -- 9.2.3 Ice Sheets -- 9.2.4 Regional Sea-Level Change -- 9.3 Mean Sea-Level Change -- 9.3.1 Global -- 9.3.2 Regional Changes: Indian Ocean Sea-Level Rise -- 9.4 Future Mean Sea-Level Change -- 9.4.1 Global -- 9.4.2 Regional Sea-Level Projections for the Indian Ocean -- 9.5 Extreme Sea-Level Changes in the Indian Ocean -- 9.6 Knowledge Gaps -- 9.7 Summary -- References -- 10 Indian Ocean Warming -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Observed and Projected Changes in Indian Ocean SST -- 10.2.1 Observed Changes in SST -- 10.2.2 Attribution of SST Trends to Anthropogenic Emissions -- 10.2.3 Future Projections of SST Warming.

10.3 Changes in Ocean Heat Content -- 10.3.1 Trends and Variability of Indian Ocean Heat Content -- 10.3.2 Multidecadal Variability of the Indian Ocean Heat Content -- 10.3.3 Future Projections of Indian Ocean Heat Content -- 10.4 Impacts of Indian Ocean Warming -- 10.4.1 Consequences of Indian Ocean Warming on Regional Climate -- 10.4.2 Consequences of Indian Ocean Warming on Ocean Biogeochemistry -- 10.5 Knowledge Gaps -- 10.6 Summary -- References -- 11 Climate Change Over the Himalayas -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Observed Trends in Mean Surface Temperature and Precipitation -- 11.3 Observed Changes in Temperature and Precipitation Extremes -- 11.4 Future Projections Over HKH -- 11.4.1 Projected Changes in Mean Temperature and Precipitation -- 11.4.2 Projected Changes in Temperature and Precipitation Extremes -- 11.5 Implications of Climate Change for Himalayan Snow and Glacier Mass -- 11.6 Knowledge Gaps -- 11.7 Summary -- References -- 12 Possible Climate Change Impacts and Policy-Relevant Messages -- 12.1 Potential Impacts Over India -- 12.2 Policy-Relevant Messages -- 12.2.1 Multiple Benefits of Climate Change Action -- 12.3 Summary -- 13 Correction to: Assessment of Climate Change over the Indian Region -- Correction to: R. Krishnan et al. (eds.), Assessment of Climate Change over the Indian Region, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-4327-2.