Assessing Environmental Risk of Oil Spills with ERA Acute : : A New Methodology.

• Superior document: SpringerBriefs in Environmental Science Series
• Author: Stephansen, Cathrine.
• TeilnehmendeR: Bjørgesæter, Anders.; Brude, Odd Willy.; Brönner, Ute.; Rogstad, Tonje Waterloo.; Kjeilen-Eilertsen, Grethe.; Libre, Jean-Marie.; Collin-Hansen, Christian.
• Place / Publishing House: Cham : : Springer International Publishing AG,, 2021.; ©2021.
• Year of Publication: 2021
• Edition: 1st ed.
• Language: English
• Series: SpringerBriefs in Environmental Science Series
• Physical Description: 1 online resource (127 pages)

Table of Contents

Intro -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- About This Book -- Contents -- Abbreviations -- 1 Introduction to the Concepts and Use of ERA Acute -- 1.1 Why the Need for a New Methodology? -- 1.2 Methodology, Model and Software -- 1.3 Basic Concepts of ERA Acute -- 1.3.1 Four Compartments -- 1.3.2 ERA Acute Uses Continuous Risk Functions -- 1.3.3 Two Main Steps-Three Levels of Detail -- 1.3.4 Introducing the Resource Damage Factor -- 1.4 Inputs Needed for ERA Acute -- 1.4.1 Oil Spill Trajectory Modelling -- 1.4.2 Valued Ecosystem Components -- 1.4.3 Model Input Parameters -- 1.5 From Spill Scenario to Case and from Damage to Risk -- 1.6 What Can ERA Acute Results Be Used for? -- 1.7 Model Sensitivity and Uncertainty Issues -- References-Introduction -- 2 Environmental Risk Management Applications of ERA Acute -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 ERA Acute Usage Areas -- 2.3 Environmental Risk Screening -- 2.4 Damage and Risk Assessment -- 2.5 Risk Mitigation and Net Environmental Benefit Assessments -- References-ERM Applications -- 3 An ERA Acute Model Overview -- 3.1 Setting up the Case and Input to Exposure Calculations -- 3.2 Impact and Restoration Modelling -- 3.2.1 Step A: Impact Modelling -- 3.2.2 Step B: Impact Duration Modelling -- 3.2.3 The Two Steps Together and the Resource Damage Factor -- 3.3 Surface Compartment Calculations -- 3.3.1 Impact Modelling -- 3.3.2 Time Factors and Recovery Modelling -- 3.4 Shoreline Compartment -- 3.4.1 Impact Modelling -- 3.4.2 Time Factors and Recovery Modelling -- 3.5 Water Column Compartment -- 3.5.1 Impact Modelling -- 3.5.2 Time Factors and Recovery Modelling -- 3.6 Seafloor Compartment Functions -- 3.6.1 Impact Modelling -- 3.6.2 Time Factors and Recovery Modelling -- 3.7 Summarizing Impacts in Cells to Scenarios and DSHAs -- References-Model Outline -- 4 Testing and Validating Against Historic Spills.

4.1 Method of Validation Against Historic Spills -- 4.1.1 Analysis Areas -- 4.1.2 Construction of Performance Boundaries -- 4.1.3 Reconstruction of the Oil Spills in the Analysis Areas -- 4.1.4 Reconstruction of Resource Data in the Analysis Areas -- 4.2 Results of the Validation -- 4.2.1 Oil Drift -- 4.2.2 Acute Mortality in the Surface Compartment -- 4.2.3 Impact in the Shoreline Compartment -- 4.3 Discussion of the Validation -- References-Testing and Validation -- 5 Handling Uncertainty and Sensitivity of ERA Acute Towards Input Parameters -- 5.1 Sensitivity Testing and Uncertainty Handling -- 5.2 Methods Used in Sensitivity Testing -- 5.2.1 Deterministic Testing -- 5.2.2 Stochastic Testing -- 5.2.3 Example from Surface Compartment -- 5.3 Uncertainty Scoring of the Parameters -- 5.3.1 Surface Compartment -- 5.3.2 Water Column Compartment -- 5.3.3 Shoreline Compartment -- 5.3.4 Seafloor Compartment -- 5.4 Recommended Uncertainty Handling at This Point in Model Development -- References-Sensitivity Testing -- Supplementary Information 1 -- A.1 Surface Compartment Parameter Values -- A.2 References for the Supplementary Information Tables -- A.2.1 Oil Film Thickness -- A.2.2 Individual Vulnerability Factors (pbeh and pphy) -- A.2.3 Generic Fundamental Net Reproductive Rates (R) -- A.2.3.1 Seabirds -- A.2.3.2 True Seals, Sea Lions and Fur Seals, Baleen Whales -- A.2.3.3 Walrus, Aquatic Mammals -- A.2.3.4 Toothed Whales, Sea Cows, Sea Turtles -- Index.