Water and Earthquakes.
Saved in:
| Superior document: | Lecture Notes in Earth System Sciences Series |
|---|---|
| : | |
| TeilnehmendeR: | |
| Place / Publishing House: | Cham : : Springer International Publishing AG,, 2021. ©2021. |
| Year of Publication: | 2021 |
| Edition: | 1st ed. |
| Language: | English |
| Series: | Lecture Notes in Earth System Sciences Series
|
| Online Access: | |
| Physical Description: | 1 online resource (396 pages) |
| Tags: |
Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
|
Table of Contents:
- Intro
- Preface
- Acknowledgements
- Contents
- 1 Introduction
- References
- 2 Groundwater Flow and Transport
- 2.1 Introduction
- 2.2 Pressure, Hydraulic Head and Darcy's Law
- 2.3 Permeability of Layered Media
- 2.4 Specific Storage and Specific Yield
- 2.5 Saturated Flow
- 2.5.1 Isothermal Flow
- 2.5.2 Flow Through Variable Temperatures
- 2.6 Unsaturated Flow
- 2.7 Heat Transport
- 2.8 Solute Transport
- References
- 3 Hydro-Mechanical Coupling
- 3.1 Introduction
- 3.2 Linear Poroelasticity and Groundwater Flow
- 3.2.1 Constitutive Relations for Isotropic Stress: Biot (1941)
- 3.2.2 Effective Stress
- 3.2.3 Related Poroelastic Constants
- 3.2.4 Constitutive Relationship for Anisotropic Stress: Biot (1955)
- 3.2.5 Poroelastic Constants
- 3.2.6 Governing Equations for Flow in Poroelastic Media
- 3.2.7 Uncoupling Stress or Strain from Fluid Flow
- 3.3 Consolidation
- 3.3.1 Consolidation of Sediments in Sedimentary Basin
- 3.3.2 Terzaghi Theory of Consolidation
- 3.4 Liquefaction
- 3.5 Rock Friction and Instability
- 3.5.1 Friction and Frictional Instability
- 3.5.2 The Rate-and-State Equation
- References
- 4 Earthquakes Influenced by Water
- 4.1 Introduction
- 4.2 Fluids and Rock Failure
- 4.3 Earthquakes Induced by Fluid Injection
- 4.4 Earthquakes Induced by Fluid Extraction
- 4.5 Reservoir-Induced Seismicity
- 4.6 Natural Hydrological Triggering of Earthquakes
- 4.7 Earthquake Triggering of Earthquakes via Hydrological Processes
- 4.8 Concluding Remarks and Outlook
- References
- 5 Response to Tides, Barometric Pressure and Seismic Waves
- 5.1 Introduction
- 5.2 Tidal Potential
- 5.3 Earth Tides
- 5.4 Groundwater Response to Earth Tides
- 5.4.1 Tidal Response of a Confined Aquifer
- 5.4.2 Tidal Response of an Unconfined Aquifer with Flow to the Water Table.
- 5.4.3 An Example of Seasonal Change of Tidal Response
- 5.4.4 Tidal Response of a Leaky Aquifer
- 5.4.5 Numerical Simulation for the Tidal Response of a Leaky Aquifer
- 5.4.6 Tidal Response of an Unconfined Aquifer with the Capillary Effect
- 5.5 Groundwater Response to Barometric Changes
- 5.5.1 Barometric Response of Aquifers and Barometric Efficency
- 5.5.2 Analytical Solution with a Half-Space Aquitard
- 5.5.3 Analytical Solution with a Finite Aquitard
- 5.5.4 Numerical Solution
- 5.5.5 Applications
- 5.6 Estimating Hydraulic Property with Tidal and Barometric Methods
- 5.7 Groundwater Oscillations in Response to Seismic Waves
- 5.8 Concluding Remarks
- Appendices. Derivation of Equations
- Appendix 5.1 Solution for a Confined Aquifer
- Appendix 5.2 Solution for a Leaky Aquifer
- Appendix 5.3 Barometric Response with Finite Aquitard
- Appendix 5.4 Effect of Fractures on Groundwater Response
- References
- 6 Groundwater Level
- 6.1 Introduction
- 6.2 Observations
- 6.2.1 Coseismic Step-like Changes of Groundwater Level
- 6.2.2 Sustained Changes
- 6.2.3 Breached Confinement
- 6.3 Models and Constraints
- 6.3.1 Coseismic Static Strain
- 6.3.2 Undrained Consolidation and Liquefaction
- 6.3.3 Enhanced Permeability
- 6.3.4 Shaking Water Out of Unsaturated Soil
- 6.4 Constraints
- 6.4.1 Constraints from Laboratory Experiments
- 6.4.2 Constraints from Field Observations
- 6.4.3 Constraint from Tidal Analysis
- 6.4.4 Constraints from Threshold Seismic Energy
- 6.4.5 Post-seismic Recession of Groundwater Level
- 6.5 Pore Pressure and Permeability of Continental Faults
- 6.6 Pore Pressure and Permeability on the Ocean Floor
- 6.6.1 Pore Pressure and Permeability in an Accretionary Prism
- 6.6.2 Pore Pressure Changes Near an Ocean Ridge
- 6.7 Concluding Remarks
- Appendix: Derivation of Eq. 6.13
- References.
- 7 Stream Flow
- 7.1 Introduction
- 7.2 Observations
- 7.2.1 Measurement with Flow Meter and Tape
- 7.2.2 Measurement with Stream Gauges
- 7.3 Proposed Mechanisms
- 7.3.1 Static Elastic Strain
- 7.3.2 Consolidation and Liquefaction
- 7.3.3 Water Released from Mountains
- 7.3.4 Water Released from Unsaturated Soils
- 7.3.5 Enhanced Permeability
- 7.3.6 Enhanced Vertical Permeability
- 7.4 Model Constraints
- 7.4.1 Constraints from Earthquake Mechanism
- 7.4.2 Constraints from Recession Analysis
- 7.4.3 Constraints From Multiple Stream Gauges
- 7.4.4 Constraints From the Threshold Seismic Energy
- 7.4.5 Constraints from Laboratory Experiment
- 7.4.6 Constraints from Chemical Composition of the Excess Flow
- 7.5 Streamflow Changes in Hydrothermal Areas
- 7.6 Concluding Remarks
- References
- 8 Groundwater Temperature
- 8.1 Introduction
- 8.2 Land Measurements
- 8.2.1 China
- 8.2.2 Japan
- 8.2.3 Korea
- 8.3 Basin-Wide Changes
- 8.4 Springs
- 8.4.1 Cold Springs
- 8.4.2 Hot Springs
- 8.5 Seafloor Measurements
- 8.5.1 Subduction Zones
- 8.5.2 Near Oceanic Ridge
- 8.6 Turbulent Mixing of Well Water
- 8.7 Concluding Remarks
- References
- 9 Groundwater and Stream Composition
- 9.1 Introduction
- 9.2 Groundwater Composition
- 9.2.1 Major Elements
- 9.2.2 Trace Elements
- 9.2.3 Stable Isotopes
- 9.3 Stream Water Composition
- 9.4 Need of Integrated Data to Interpret Composition Change
- 9.5 Concluding Remarks
- References
- 10 Geysers
- 10.1 Introduction
- 10.1.1 Response of Geysers to Earthquakes
- 10.1.2 Response of Geysers to Other Sources of Stress
- 10.2 Mechanisms
- 10.2.1 How Do Geysers Work?
- 10.2.2 Mechanisms for Altering Eruptions
- 10.3 Conclusions About Geysers
- References
- 11 Liquefaction
- 11.1 Introduction
- 11.2 Sediment Consolidation and Liquefaction in Cyclic Loading.
- 11.3 Liquefaction Beyond the Near Field
- 11.4 Experiment at Wildlife Liquefaction Array, California
- 11.5 Dependence of Liquefaction on Seismic Frequency
- 11.6 Concluding Remarks
- References
- 12 Mud Volcanoes
- 12.1 Introduction
- 12.2 Response of Mud Volcanoes to Earthquakes
- 12.3 Insights from Triggered Eruptions of Magmatic Volcanoes
- 12.4 Mechanisms
- 12.4.1 Static or Dynamic Stresses?
- 12.4.2 Mechanisms for Initiating Eruptions
- 12.5 The Sidoarjo (Lusi) Mud Flow
- 12.6 Effect of Earthquakes on Already-Erupting Mud Volcanoes
- 12.7 Concluding Remarks About Mud Volcanoes
- References
- 13 Hydrologic Precursors
- 13.1 Introduction
- 13.2 What is a Precursor?
- 13.3 Identifying Precursors
- 13.4 Examples
- 13.4.1 China: Haicheng, 1975 and Tangshan, 1976
- 13.4.2 Kobe, Japan, 1995
- 13.4.3 Nankaido, Japan, 1946
- 13.4.4 Oxygen Isotope Precursors to the 2016 Tottori Earthquake, Japan
- 13.4.5 Kettleman Hills, California, 1985
- 13.4.6 Chi-Chi, Taiwan, 1999
- 13.4.7 Kamchatka
- 13.4.8 Pyrenees, France, 1996
- 13.4.9 Reservoir Induced Seismicity, Koyna, India
- 13.4.10 Calistoga Geyser, California
- 13.4.11 Iceland, 2012-2013
- 13.4.12 Central Italy Seismic Sequence, 2016
- 13.4.13 Precursory Changes in Spring Temperature
- 13.5 Outlook
- References
- 14 Epilogue
- 14.1 General Framework
- 14.2 Future Research
- References
- Index.