Water and Earthquakes.

• Superior document: Lecture Notes in Earth System Sciences Series
• Author: Wang, Chi-yuen.
• TeilnehmendeR: Manga, Michael.; Wang, Chi-yuen.
• Place / Publishing House: Cham : : Springer International Publishing AG,, 2021.; ©2021.
• Year of Publication: 2021
• Edition: 1st ed.
• Language: English
• Series: Lecture Notes in Earth System Sciences Series
• Physical Description: 1 online resource (396 pages)

Table of Contents

Intro -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- 1 Introduction -- References -- 2 Groundwater Flow and Transport -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Pressure, Hydraulic Head and Darcy's Law -- 2.3 Permeability of Layered Media -- 2.4 Specific Storage and Specific Yield -- 2.5 Saturated Flow -- 2.5.1 Isothermal Flow -- 2.5.2 Flow Through Variable Temperatures -- 2.6 Unsaturated Flow -- 2.7 Heat Transport -- 2.8 Solute Transport -- References -- 3 Hydro-Mechanical Coupling -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Linear Poroelasticity and Groundwater Flow -- 3.2.1 Constitutive Relations for Isotropic Stress: Biot (1941) -- 3.2.2 Effective Stress -- 3.2.3 Related Poroelastic Constants -- 3.2.4 Constitutive Relationship for Anisotropic Stress: Biot (1955) -- 3.2.5 Poroelastic Constants -- 3.2.6 Governing Equations for Flow in Poroelastic Media -- 3.2.7 Uncoupling Stress or Strain from Fluid Flow -- 3.3 Consolidation -- 3.3.1 Consolidation of Sediments in Sedimentary Basin -- 3.3.2 Terzaghi Theory of Consolidation -- 3.4 Liquefaction -- 3.5 Rock Friction and Instability -- 3.5.1 Friction and Frictional Instability -- 3.5.2 The Rate-and-State Equation -- References -- 4 Earthquakes Influenced by Water -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Fluids and Rock Failure -- 4.3 Earthquakes Induced by Fluid Injection -- 4.4 Earthquakes Induced by Fluid Extraction -- 4.5 Reservoir-Induced Seismicity -- 4.6 Natural Hydrological Triggering of Earthquakes -- 4.7 Earthquake Triggering of Earthquakes via Hydrological Processes -- 4.8 Concluding Remarks and Outlook -- References -- 5 Response to Tides, Barometric Pressure and Seismic Waves -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Tidal Potential -- 5.3 Earth Tides -- 5.4 Groundwater Response to Earth Tides -- 5.4.1 Tidal Response of a Confined Aquifer -- 5.4.2 Tidal Response of an Unconfined Aquifer with Flow to the Water Table.

5.4.3 An Example of Seasonal Change of Tidal Response -- 5.4.4 Tidal Response of a Leaky Aquifer -- 5.4.5 Numerical Simulation for the Tidal Response of a Leaky Aquifer -- 5.4.6 Tidal Response of an Unconfined Aquifer with the Capillary Effect -- 5.5 Groundwater Response to Barometric Changes -- 5.5.1 Barometric Response of Aquifers and Barometric Efficency -- 5.5.2 Analytical Solution with a Half-Space Aquitard -- 5.5.3 Analytical Solution with a Finite Aquitard -- 5.5.4 Numerical Solution -- 5.5.5 Applications -- 5.6 Estimating Hydraulic Property with Tidal and Barometric Methods -- 5.7 Groundwater Oscillations in Response to Seismic Waves -- 5.8 Concluding Remarks -- Appendices. Derivation of Equations -- Appendix 5.1 Solution for a Confined Aquifer -- Appendix 5.2 Solution for a Leaky Aquifer -- Appendix 5.3 Barometric Response with Finite Aquitard -- Appendix 5.4 Effect of Fractures on Groundwater Response -- References -- 6 Groundwater Level -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Observations -- 6.2.1 Coseismic Step-like Changes of Groundwater Level -- 6.2.2 Sustained Changes -- 6.2.3 Breached Confinement -- 6.3 Models and Constraints -- 6.3.1 Coseismic Static Strain -- 6.3.2 Undrained Consolidation and Liquefaction -- 6.3.3 Enhanced Permeability -- 6.3.4 Shaking Water Out of Unsaturated Soil -- 6.4 Constraints -- 6.4.1 Constraints from Laboratory Experiments -- 6.4.2 Constraints from Field Observations -- 6.4.3 Constraint from Tidal Analysis -- 6.4.4 Constraints from Threshold Seismic Energy -- 6.4.5 Post-seismic Recession of Groundwater Level -- 6.5 Pore Pressure and Permeability of Continental Faults -- 6.6 Pore Pressure and Permeability on the Ocean Floor -- 6.6.1 Pore Pressure and Permeability in an Accretionary Prism -- 6.6.2 Pore Pressure Changes Near an Ocean Ridge -- 6.7 Concluding Remarks -- Appendix: Derivation of Eq. 6.13 -- References.

7 Stream Flow -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Observations -- 7.2.1 Measurement with Flow Meter and Tape -- 7.2.2 Measurement with Stream Gauges -- 7.3 Proposed Mechanisms -- 7.3.1 Static Elastic Strain -- 7.3.2 Consolidation and Liquefaction -- 7.3.3 Water Released from Mountains -- 7.3.4 Water Released from Unsaturated Soils -- 7.3.5 Enhanced Permeability -- 7.3.6 Enhanced Vertical Permeability -- 7.4 Model Constraints -- 7.4.1 Constraints from Earthquake Mechanism -- 7.4.2 Constraints from Recession Analysis -- 7.4.3 Constraints From Multiple Stream Gauges -- 7.4.4 Constraints From the Threshold Seismic Energy -- 7.4.5 Constraints from Laboratory Experiment -- 7.4.6 Constraints from Chemical Composition of the Excess Flow -- 7.5 Streamflow Changes in Hydrothermal Areas -- 7.6 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 8 Groundwater Temperature -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Land Measurements -- 8.2.1 China -- 8.2.2 Japan -- 8.2.3 Korea -- 8.3 Basin-Wide Changes -- 8.4 Springs -- 8.4.1 Cold Springs -- 8.4.2 Hot Springs -- 8.5 Seafloor Measurements -- 8.5.1 Subduction Zones -- 8.5.2 Near Oceanic Ridge -- 8.6 Turbulent Mixing of Well Water -- 8.7 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 9 Groundwater and Stream Composition -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Groundwater Composition -- 9.2.1 Major Elements -- 9.2.2 Trace Elements -- 9.2.3 Stable Isotopes -- 9.3 Stream Water Composition -- 9.4 Need of Integrated Data to Interpret Composition Change -- 9.5 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 10 Geysers -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.1.1 Response of Geysers to Earthquakes -- 10.1.2 Response of Geysers to Other Sources of Stress -- 10.2 Mechanisms -- 10.2.1 How Do Geysers Work? -- 10.2.2 Mechanisms for Altering Eruptions -- 10.3 Conclusions About Geysers -- References -- 11 Liquefaction -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Sediment Consolidation and Liquefaction in Cyclic Loading.

11.3 Liquefaction Beyond the Near Field -- 11.4 Experiment at Wildlife Liquefaction Array, California -- 11.5 Dependence of Liquefaction on Seismic Frequency -- 11.6 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 12 Mud Volcanoes -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Response of Mud Volcanoes to Earthquakes -- 12.3 Insights from Triggered Eruptions of Magmatic Volcanoes -- 12.4 Mechanisms -- 12.4.1 Static or Dynamic Stresses? -- 12.4.2 Mechanisms for Initiating Eruptions -- 12.5 The Sidoarjo (Lusi) Mud Flow -- 12.6 Effect of Earthquakes on Already-Erupting Mud Volcanoes -- 12.7 Concluding Remarks About Mud Volcanoes -- References -- 13 Hydrologic Precursors -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 What is a Precursor? -- 13.3 Identifying Precursors -- 13.4 Examples -- 13.4.1 China: Haicheng, 1975 and Tangshan, 1976 -- 13.4.2 Kobe, Japan, 1995 -- 13.4.3 Nankaido, Japan, 1946 -- 13.4.4 Oxygen Isotope Precursors to the 2016 Tottori Earthquake, Japan -- 13.4.5 Kettleman Hills, California, 1985 -- 13.4.6 Chi-Chi, Taiwan, 1999 -- 13.4.7 Kamchatka -- 13.4.8 Pyrenees, France, 1996 -- 13.4.9 Reservoir Induced Seismicity, Koyna, India -- 13.4.10 Calistoga Geyser, California -- 13.4.11 Iceland, 2012-2013 -- 13.4.12 Central Italy Seismic Sequence, 2016 -- 13.4.13 Precursory Changes in Spring Temperature -- 13.5 Outlook -- References -- 14 Epilogue -- 14.1 General Framework -- 14.2 Future Research -- References -- Index.