Table of Contents: Urbanization, Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services :

Urbanization, Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services : : A Global Assessment.

This book offers a global analysis of how urbanization and urban growth impact biodiversity and ecosystem dynamics in terrestrial, freshwater, and marine systems. It develops a new theoretical framework for urban sustainability and resilience.

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Bibliographic Details
:	Elmqvist, Thomas.
TeilnehmendeR:	Fragkias, Michail. Goodness, Julie. Güneralp, Burak. Marcotullio, Peter J. McDonald, Robert I. Parnell, Susan. Schewenius, Maria. Sendstad, Marte. Seto, Karen C.
Place / Publishing House:	Dordrecht : : Springer Netherlands,, 2013. ©2013.
Year of Publication:	2013
Edition:	1st ed.
Language:	English
Online Access:	https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/oeawat/detail.action?docID=6422817
Physical Description:	1 online resource (771 pages)
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Table of Contents:

Intro
Foreword
Preface
Contents
Contributors
Reviewers
Chapter 1: A Global Outlook on Urbanization
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Five Major Urban Trends
1.2.1 Trend 1: Urban Areas Are Expanding Faster Than Urban Populations
1.2.2 Trend 2: Urban Areas Modify Their Local and Regional Climate
1.2.3 Trend 3: Urbanization Increases Demands on Natural Resources
1.2.4 Trend 4: Urban Expansion Is Increasing Near Biodiversity Hotspots
1.2.5 Trend 5: Urbanization Influences the (Green) Economy
1.3 Cities and Their Dependence on the Biosphere
References
Chapter 2: History of Urbanization and the Missing Ecology
2.1 Human History and Urbanization
2.1.1 Three Approaches to Human Problem Solving and the Emergence of Cities
2.1.2 Early Development of Cities
2.1.3 Disconnecting the Urban from the Rural: Alienation of Food Production from the Carrying Capacity of Land
2.1.4 Lessons for the Future
2.2 Urbanization, Ecosystems and Ecosystem Services
2.2.1 Urban Food Production
2.2.2 Urban Green Spaces
Box 2.1 Three Historic Examples of Urban Food Production and Emergence of Biodiversity-Rich Urban Landscapes
2.2.3 Historical and Cultural Dimensions of Urban Biodiversity
2.3 Natural Capital: Reintroducing Ecology into Urban Economy and Governance
2.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 3: Urbanization and Global Trends in Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services
3.1 Cities Both Impact and Depend on the Environment
3.2 Urbanization as a Problem and a Solution
3.3 Global Urbanization and Biodiversity
3.3.1 The Global Distribution of Biological Diversity
3.3.2 Direct Impact of Urbanization on Biodiversity
3.3.3 Indirect Effects of Urbanization on Biodiversity
3.4 Global Urbanization and Freshwater Ecosystem Services
3.5 Summary and Conclusions
References.
Chapter 4: Regional Assessment of Asia
Textbox 4.1 Indonesia: Illustrating Asia's Three Development Characteristics
References
Chapter 5: Sub-regional Assessment of China: Urbanization in Biodiversity Hotspots
References
Chapter 6: Sub-regional Assessment of India: Effects of Urbanization on Land Use, Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Patterns of Urban Expansion: Results from Remote Sensing Studies
6.3 Impacts on Urban Ecosystem Services
6.4 Impacts on Biodiversity
Box 6.1 Landscape Transformation and Ecosystem Opportunities: The Example of Mumbai
6.5 Challenges of Governance
6.5.1 City Municipalities
6.5.2 Media and the Civil Society
6.5.3 Sacred and Cultural Traditions of Conservation in India
Box 6.2 Cultural Influence Shaping Urban Ecosystems
6.6 Conclusions
References
Chapter 7: Local Assessment of Bangalore: Graying and Greening in Bangalore - Impacts of Urbanization on Ecosystems, Ecosystem Services and Biodiversity
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Urbanization, Ecosystem Services and Biodiversity
Scenarios and Trends
7.3 Governance and Institutions
7.4 Urban Dynamics and Future Development
7.5 Concluding Remarks
References
Chapter 8: Local Assessment of Tokyo: Satoyama and Satoumi - Traditional Landscapes and Management Practices in a Contemporary Urban Environment
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Urbanization, Ecosystem Services and Biodiversity: Scenarios and Trends in Japanese Cities
8.2.1 Changes and Feedbacks in Ecosystems
8.3 Governance and Institutions
8.3.1 Strategies for Effective Biodiversity Conservation Policies
8.3.2 Development That Supports Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services Conservation
8.3.3 Available Financial Mechanisms to Support Long-Term Implementation
8.3.4 Capacities to Build Partnerships and Encourage Participation.
8.4 Concluding Remarks
References
Chapter 9: Local Assessment of Shanghai: Effects of Urbanization on the Diversity of Macrobenthic Invertebrates
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Shanghai's Demography, Economy, and Geography
9.3 Biodiversity of Macrobenthic Invertebrates in Shanghai
9.3.1 Macrobenthic Invertebrates of Yangtze Estuarine Tidal Flat Wetlands
9.3.2 Macrobenthic Invertebrates of Rivers in Shanghai
9.4 Effects of Urbanization on Biodiversity of Macrobenthic Invertebrates
Scenarios and Trends
9.4.1 Habitat Fragmentation and Loss: Tidal Flat Reclamation
9.4.2 Invasive and Exotic Species: Spartina alterniflora
9.4.3 Pollution: Sewage Discharges
9.5 The Governance Framework for Ecological Conservation and Restoration
9.5.1 Nature Reserves
9.5.2 Wetland Parks
9.6 Concluding Remarks
References
Chapter 10: Patterns and Trends in Urban Biodiversity and Landscape Design
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Biodiversity Patterns
Box 10.1 What Is Urban Biodiversity?
Box 10.2 A Number of Attributes That Define an Urban Area and Can Subsequently Affect Biodiversity (From Müller and Werner ( 2010) After Sukopp and Wittig ( 1998) and Pickett et al. ( 2001)) (See Chap. 1 for a Definition of Urban)
10.3 Plant Species Richness in Cities
10.3.1 Species Availability
10.3.2 Habitats
10.3.3 Species Traits
10.4 Animals: Vertebrates and Invertebrates
10.4.1 The "Other" Mammal
10.4.2 General Observations
10.4.3 Mammals
10.4.4 Birds
10.4.5 Amphibians and Reptiles
10.4.6 Arthropods
10.5 Social-Ecological Perspective on Urban Biodiversity
10.6 Influence of Landscape Design on Urban Biodiversity
10.6.1 The Global Extension of European Landscape Design Styles
10.6.2 Globalization of Plant Material
10.6.3 Trends Towards Landscape Design Supporting Biodiversity.
10.7 Biological Hotspots and Urban Landscapes
10.8 Conclusions
References
Chapter 11: Urban Ecosystem Services
11.1 Reconnecting Cities to the Biosphere
11.1.1 Ecology of vs. Ecology in Cities
11.1.2 Urban Ecosystems and Ecological Infrastructure
11.2 Classifying Urban Ecosystem Services
11.2.1 Provisioning Services
11.2.1.1 Food Supply
11.2.1.2 Water Supply
11.2.2 Regulating Services
11.2.2.1 Urban Temperature Regulation
11.2.2.2 Noise Reduction
11.2.2.3 Air Purification
11.2.2.4 Moderation of Climate Extremes
11.2.2.5 Runoff Mitigation
11.2.2.6 Waste Treatment
11.2.2.7 Pollination, Pest Regulation and Seed Dispersal
11.2.2.8 Global Climate Regulation
11.2.3 Cultural Services
11.2.3.1 Recreation
11.2.3.2 Aesthetic Benefits
11.2.3.3 Cognitive Development
11.2.3.4 Place Values and Social Cohesion
11.2.4 Habitat Services
11.2.4.1 Habitat for Biodiversity
11.2.5 Ecosystem Disservices
11.3 Valuing Urban Ecosystem Services
11.3.1 Ecosystem Services Values
11.3.1.1 Biophysical Values
11.3.1.2 Economic Values
11.3.1.3 Social and Cultural Values
11.3.1.4 Health Values
11.3.1.5 Environmental Justice Values
11.3.1.6 Insurance Values
11.4 Ecosystem Services and Urban Governance
11.4.1 Connecting Ecosystem Service Values to Urban Policy and Governance
11.4.2 Ecosystem Services in Urban Planning and Design
11.5 Ecosystem Services in Three Cities
11.5.1 Cape Town
11.5.2 New York
11.5.3 Barcelona
11.6 Conclusions
References
Chapter 12: Shrinking Cities, Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services
12.1 Introduction
12.2 What Is Urban Shrinkage?
12.3 International Relevance and Prospects of Urban Shrinkage
12.4 Processes and Patterns of Urban Shrinkage
12.4.1 Demographic Change and Aging
12.4.2 Land-Use and Infrastructure.
12.4.3 Green Space, Habitats and Biodiversity
12.4.4 Urban Ecosystem Services
12.4.5 Resource and Land Consumption
12.4.6 Urban Footprint, Sustainability and Resilience
12.5 The Policy Nexus: Re-thinking and Governing Shrinkage
12.6 Conclusions
References
Chapter 13: Regional Assessment of Europe
References
Chapter 14: Regional Assessment of North America: Urbanization Trends, Biodiversity Patterns, and Ecosystem Services
References
Chapter 15: Regional Assessment of Oceania
References
Chapter 16: Local Assessment of İstanbul: Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services
16.1 Geography and Historical Background
16.2 İstanbul's Transformation from the Mid-1900s
16.3 Governance and Institutions
16.4 Current State of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services in İstanbul
16.5 Case Study: The Ömerli Watershed
16.5.1 Land Use and Ecology
16.5.2 Recommendations
16.6 Concluding Remarks
Postscript
References
Chapter 17: Local Assessment of Stockholm: Revisiting the Stockholm Urban Assessment
17.1 Introduction
17.2 The Stockholm Metropolitan Area
17.3 Key Characteristics and Challenges in Stockholm
17.3.1 Ecological Determinants and Their Changes
17.3.2 Effects from Climate Change on Biodiversity, Ecosystem Services, and Resilience
17.3.3 Population Increase
17.3.4 The Lack of Regional Planning of the Green Structure
17.3.5 Formal Institutions and Biodiversity Management in Stockholm
17.4 The Stockholm School Approach
17.4.1 Reconsideration of Formal Management
17.4.2 Informally Managed Ecosystems in Stockholm
17.4.3 Urban Garden Habitats and Ecosystem Services
17.4.4 Golf Courses and Wetland Species
17.4.5 The Role of Social Networks in Informal Urban Ecosystem Management
17.5 Lessons for Urban Resilience Building.
17.5.1 Informal Institutions and Management.

Urbanization, Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services : : A Global Assessment.

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