Urbanization, Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services : : A Global Assessment.

• Author: Elmqvist, Thomas.
• TeilnehmendeR: Fragkias, Michail.; Goodness, Julie.; Güneralp, Burak.; Marcotullio, Peter J.; McDonald, Robert I.; Parnell, Susan.; Schewenius, Maria.; Sendstad, Marte.; Seto, Karen C.
• Place / Publishing House: Dordrecht : : Springer Netherlands,, 2013.; ©2013.
• Year of Publication: 2013
• Edition: 1st ed.
• Language: English
• Physical Description: 1 online resource (771 pages)

This book offers a global analysis of how urbanization and urban growth impact biodiversity and ecosystem dynamics in terrestrial, freshwater, and marine systems. It develops a new theoretical framework for urban sustainability and resilience.

Table of Contents

Intro -- Foreword -- Preface -- Contents -- Contributors -- Reviewers -- Chapter 1: A Global Outlook on Urbanization -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Five Major Urban Trends -- 1.2.1 Trend 1: Urban Areas Are Expanding Faster Than Urban Populations -- 1.2.2 Trend 2: Urban Areas Modify Their Local and Regional Climate -- 1.2.3 Trend 3: Urbanization Increases Demands on Natural Resources -- 1.2.4 Trend 4: Urban Expansion Is Increasing Near Biodiversity Hotspots -- 1.2.5 Trend 5: Urbanization Influences the (Green) Economy -- 1.3 Cities and Their Dependence on the Biosphere -- References -- Chapter 2: History of Urbanization and the Missing Ecology -- 2.1 Human History and Urbanization -- 2.1.1 Three Approaches to Human Problem Solving and the Emergence of Cities -- 2.1.2 Early Development of Cities -- 2.1.3 Disconnecting the Urban from the Rural: Alienation of Food Production from the Carrying Capacity of Land -- 2.1.4 Lessons for the Future -- 2.2 Urbanization, Ecosystems and Ecosystem Services -- 2.2.1 Urban Food Production -- 2.2.2 Urban Green Spaces -- Box 2.1 Three Historic Examples of Urban Food Production and Emergence of Biodiversity-Rich Urban Landscapes -- 2.2.3 Historical and Cultural Dimensions of Urban Biodiversity -- 2.3 Natural Capital: Reintroducing Ecology into Urban Economy and Governance -- 2.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3: Urbanization and Global Trends in Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services -- 3.1 Cities Both Impact and Depend on the Environment -- 3.2 Urbanization as a Problem and a Solution -- 3.3 Global Urbanization and Biodiversity -- 3.3.1 The Global Distribution of Biological Diversity -- 3.3.2 Direct Impact of Urbanization on Biodiversity -- 3.3.3 Indirect Effects of Urbanization on Biodiversity -- 3.4 Global Urbanization and Freshwater Ecosystem Services -- 3.5 Summary and Conclusions -- References.

Chapter 4: Regional Assessment of Asia -- Textbox 4.1 Indonesia: Illustrating Asia's Three Development Characteristics -- References -- Chapter 5: Sub-regional Assessment of China: Urbanization in Biodiversity Hotspots -- References -- Chapter 6: Sub-regional Assessment of India: Effects of Urbanization on Land Use, Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Patterns of Urban Expansion: Results from Remote Sensing Studies -- 6.3 Impacts on Urban Ecosystem Services -- 6.4 Impacts on Biodiversity -- Box 6.1 Landscape Transformation and Ecosystem Opportunities: The Example of Mumbai -- 6.5 Challenges of Governance -- 6.5.1 City Municipalities -- 6.5.2 Media and the Civil Society -- 6.5.3 Sacred and Cultural Traditions of Conservation in India -- Box 6.2 Cultural Influence Shaping Urban Ecosystems -- 6.6 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 7: Local Assessment of Bangalore: Graying and Greening in Bangalore - Impacts of Urbanization on Ecosystems, Ecosystem Services and Biodiversity -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Urbanization, Ecosystem Services and Biodiversity -- Scenarios and Trends -- 7.3 Governance and Institutions -- 7.4 Urban Dynamics and Future Development -- 7.5 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 8: Local Assessment of Tokyo: Satoyama and Satoumi - Traditional Landscapes and Management Practices in a Contemporary Urban Environment -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Urbanization, Ecosystem Services and Biodiversity: Scenarios and Trends in Japanese Cities -- 8.2.1 Changes and Feedbacks in Ecosystems -- 8.3 Governance and Institutions -- 8.3.1 Strategies for Effective Biodiversity Conservation Policies -- 8.3.2 Development That Supports Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services Conservation -- 8.3.3 Available Financial Mechanisms to Support Long-Term Implementation -- 8.3.4 Capacities to Build Partnerships and Encourage Participation.

8.4 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 9: Local Assessment of Shanghai: Effects of Urbanization on the Diversity of Macrobenthic Invertebrates -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Shanghai's Demography, Economy, and Geography -- 9.3 Biodiversity of Macrobenthic Invertebrates in Shanghai -- 9.3.1 Macrobenthic Invertebrates of Yangtze Estuarine Tidal Flat Wetlands -- 9.3.2 Macrobenthic Invertebrates of Rivers in Shanghai -- 9.4 Effects of Urbanization on Biodiversity of Macrobenthic Invertebrates -- Scenarios and Trends -- 9.4.1 Habitat Fragmentation and Loss: Tidal Flat Reclamation -- 9.4.2 Invasive and Exotic Species: Spartina alterniflora -- 9.4.3 Pollution: Sewage Discharges -- 9.5 The Governance Framework for Ecological Conservation and Restoration -- 9.5.1 Nature Reserves -- 9.5.2 Wetland Parks -- 9.6 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 10: Patterns and Trends in Urban Biodiversity and Landscape Design -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Biodiversity Patterns -- Box 10.1 What Is Urban Biodiversity? -- Box 10.2 A Number of Attributes That Define an Urban Area and Can Subsequently Affect Biodiversity (From Müller and Werner ( 2010) After Sukopp and Wittig ( 1998) and Pickett et al. ( 2001)) (See Chap. 1 for a Definition of Urban) -- 10.3 Plant Species Richness in Cities -- 10.3.1 Species Availability -- 10.3.2 Habitats -- 10.3.3 Species Traits -- 10.4 Animals: Vertebrates and Invertebrates -- 10.4.1 The "Other" Mammal -- 10.4.2 General Observations -- 10.4.3 Mammals -- 10.4.4 Birds -- 10.4.5 Amphibians and Reptiles -- 10.4.6 Arthropods -- 10.5 Social-Ecological Perspective on Urban Biodiversity -- 10.6 Influence of Landscape Design on Urban Biodiversity -- 10.6.1 The Global Extension of European Landscape Design Styles -- 10.6.2 Globalization of Plant Material -- 10.6.3 Trends Towards Landscape Design Supporting Biodiversity.

10.7 Biological Hotspots and Urban Landscapes -- 10.8 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 11: Urban Ecosystem Services -- 11.1 Reconnecting Cities to the Biosphere -- 11.1.1 Ecology of vs. Ecology in Cities -- 11.1.2 Urban Ecosystems and Ecological Infrastructure -- 11.2 Classifying Urban Ecosystem Services -- 11.2.1 Provisioning Services -- 11.2.1.1 Food Supply -- 11.2.1.2 Water Supply -- 11.2.2 Regulating Services -- 11.2.2.1 Urban Temperature Regulation -- 11.2.2.2 Noise Reduction -- 11.2.2.3 Air Purification -- 11.2.2.4 Moderation of Climate Extremes -- 11.2.2.5 Runoff Mitigation -- 11.2.2.6 Waste Treatment -- 11.2.2.7 Pollination, Pest Regulation and Seed Dispersal -- 11.2.2.8 Global Climate Regulation -- 11.2.3 Cultural Services -- 11.2.3.1 Recreation -- 11.2.3.2 Aesthetic Benefits -- 11.2.3.3 Cognitive Development -- 11.2.3.4 Place Values and Social Cohesion -- 11.2.4 Habitat Services -- 11.2.4.1 Habitat for Biodiversity -- 11.2.5 Ecosystem Disservices -- 11.3 Valuing Urban Ecosystem Services -- 11.3.1 Ecosystem Services Values -- 11.3.1.1 Biophysical Values -- 11.3.1.2 Economic Values -- 11.3.1.3 Social and Cultural Values -- 11.3.1.4 Health Values -- 11.3.1.5 Environmental Justice Values -- 11.3.1.6 Insurance Values -- 11.4 Ecosystem Services and Urban Governance -- 11.4.1 Connecting Ecosystem Service Values to Urban Policy and Governance -- 11.4.2 Ecosystem Services in Urban Planning and Design -- 11.5 Ecosystem Services in Three Cities -- 11.5.1 Cape Town -- 11.5.2 New York -- 11.5.3 Barcelona -- 11.6 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 12: Shrinking Cities, Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 What Is Urban Shrinkage? -- 12.3 International Relevance and Prospects of Urban Shrinkage -- 12.4 Processes and Patterns of Urban Shrinkage -- 12.4.1 Demographic Change and Aging -- 12.4.2 Land-Use and Infrastructure.

12.4.3 Green Space, Habitats and Biodiversity -- 12.4.4 Urban Ecosystem Services -- 12.4.5 Resource and Land Consumption -- 12.4.6 Urban Footprint, Sustainability and Resilience -- 12.5 The Policy Nexus: Re-thinking and Governing Shrinkage -- 12.6 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 13: Regional Assessment of Europe -- References -- Chapter 14: Regional Assessment of North America: Urbanization Trends, Biodiversity Patterns, and Ecosystem Services -- References -- Chapter 15: Regional Assessment of Oceania -- References -- Chapter 16: Local Assessment of İstanbul: Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services -- 16.1 Geography and Historical Background -- 16.2 İstanbul's Transformation from the Mid-1900s -- 16.3 Governance and Institutions -- 16.4 Current State of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services in İstanbul -- 16.5 Case Study: The Ömerli Watershed -- 16.5.1 Land Use and Ecology -- 16.5.2 Recommendations -- 16.6 Concluding Remarks -- Postscript -- References -- Chapter 17: Local Assessment of Stockholm: Revisiting the Stockholm Urban Assessment -- 17.1 Introduction -- 17.2 The Stockholm Metropolitan Area -- 17.3 Key Characteristics and Challenges in Stockholm -- 17.3.1 Ecological Determinants and Their Changes -- 17.3.2 Effects from Climate Change on Biodiversity, Ecosystem Services, and Resilience -- 17.3.3 Population Increase -- 17.3.4 The Lack of Regional Planning of the Green Structure -- 17.3.5 Formal Institutions and Biodiversity Management in Stockholm -- 17.4 The Stockholm School Approach -- 17.4.1 Reconsideration of Formal Management -- 17.4.2 Informally Managed Ecosystems in Stockholm -- 17.4.3 Urban Garden Habitats and Ecosystem Services -- 17.4.4 Golf Courses and Wetland Species -- 17.4.5 The Role of Social Networks in Informal Urban Ecosystem Management -- 17.5 Lessons for Urban Resilience Building.

17.5.1 Informal Institutions and Management.