Energy Efficient Servers : : Blueprints for Data Center Optimization.

• Author: Gough, Corey.
• TeilnehmendeR: Steiner, Ian.; Saunders, Winston.
• Place / Publishing House: Berkeley, CA : : Apress L. P.,, 2015.; Ã2015.
• Year of Publication: 2015
• Edition: 1st ed.
• Language: English
• Physical Description: 1 online resource (347 pages)

Table of Contents

• Intro
• Contents at a Glance
• Contents
• About the Authors
• About the Technical Reviewers
• Contributing Authors
• Acknowledgments
• Chapter 1: Why Data Center Efficiency Matters
• An Industry's Call to Action
• Data Center Infrastructure Energy Use
• Energy Proportional Server Efficiency
• Regulatory Environment
• Measuring Energy Efficiency
• SPECPower
• High Performance Computing Efficiency
• Energy Efficiency and Cost
• Summary
• Chapter 2: CPU Power Management
• Server CPU Architecture/Design
• CPU Architecture Building Blocks
• Threads, Cores, and Modules
• Caches and the Cache Hierarchy
• Dies and Packages
• On-die Fabrics and the Uncore
• Power Control Unit
• External Communication
• Thermal Design
• CPU Design Building Blocks
• Digital Synchronous Logic and Clocks
• SRAM and eDRAM
• I/O
• Intel Server Processors
• Introduction to Power
• CPU Power Breakdown
• Logic Power
• I/O Power
• Frequency, Voltage, and Temperature Interactions
• Power-Saving Techniques
• Turn It Off
• Turn It Down
• Power-Saving Strategies
• Race to Idle vs. Slow Down
• CPU Power and Performance States
• C-States
• Thread C-States
• Core C-States
• Core C0
• Core C1 and C1e
• Core C3
• Core C6
• Core C7 (and up)
• C-State Demotion
• Package C-States
• Module C-States
• P-States
• Per Socket P-States
• Per Core P-States
• Uncore Frequency Scaling
• Turbo
• Turbo Architecture
• Power/Thermal Limits
• Thermal Protection
• Electrical Protection
• C-States and Turbo
• Fused Turbo Frequencies
• T-States
• S-States and G-States
• S0i x
• Running Average Power Limit (RAPL)
• IMON and Digital Power Meter
• Linpack Example
• DRAM (Memory) RAPL
• CPU Thermal Management
• Prochot
• CPU Power Management Summary
• Summary
• Chapter 3: Memory and I/O Power Management
• System Memory.
• Memory Architecture Basics
• Devices and Ranks
• Memory Error Correction (ECC)
• Memory Capacity
• Device Power Characteristics
• DDR3 vs. DDR4
• RDIMMs, UDIMMs, SODIMMs, and LRDIMMs
• Memory Channel Interleave and Imbalanced Memory Configurations
• Power and Performance States
• CKE Power Savings
• Self-Refresh
• Voltage/Frequency
• DDR Thermal Management
• Monitoring Temperature
• Memory Throttling
• CPU DDRIO
• Workload Behavior
• Memory Reliability Features
• CPU I/Os
• CPU Interconnect
• Link Power States
• PCIe
• Link Power States
• Link Frequency/Voltage
• Link Width
• Hot Add
• D-states
• Summary
• Chapter 4: Platform Power Management
• Platform Overview
• Common Platform Components
• Integration
• CPU Integration
• Chipset Integration
• Microservers and Server SoCs
• Platform Manageability
• CPU Sockets
• Node Controllers
• Memory Risers and Memory Buffer Chips
• Server Chipsets
• PCH and Platform Power Management
• PCH Power Management
• PCIe in Chipsets
• PCH Thermal Management
• Networking
• Ambient Temperature, TDP, and Thermal Management
• Attached Media
• LAN Power Management Features
• Media Speed
• Energy Efficient Ethernet
• Wake on LAN
• Active State Power Management (ASPM)
• Interrupt Moderation
• USB
• Link Power States
• Link Frequency/Voltage
• Storage
• Storage Servers and Power Management
• HDDs and SDDs
• SATA and SAS Drive Power Management
• Frequency/Voltage
• NVMe Drive Power Management
• Power Delivery
• Overview of Power Delivery
• Power Converter Basics
• System AC/DC Power Supply
• PSUs and the Boost Stage
• PSUs and the Isolated Buck Stage
• Redundant Power Supplies
• Shared Power Supplies
• PMBus
• DC to DC Power Converters
• Single-Phase Buck Converters
• Motherboard Multiphase Buck Converters
• SVID
• Motherboard Linear Regulators.
• Integrated Voltage Regulators
• Power Management Integrated Circuit
• Power Conversion Losses
• Motherboard VRs
• Single-Phase Buck Converter
• Multiphase VR Losses
• Phase Shedding
• Diode Emulation and Burst Mode
• System Power Supplies (AC/DC)
• Right-Sizing Power Supplies
• Closed Loop System Throttling ( CLST)
• Losses in Redundant Power Supplies
• Power Supply Cold Redundancy
• Thermal Management
• System Considerations
• Component Thermal Management Features
• Processors
• Memory
• Platform Thermal Management
• Thermal Control Inputs-Sensors
• Voltage Regulators
• Power Supplies
• Fan Speed Control and Design
• Summary
• Chapter 5: BIOS and Management Firmware
• BIOS Firmware
• Microcode Update
• Advanced Configuration and Power Interface
• S-states
• C-states
• P-states
• D-states
• ACPI Interfaces
• Setup Utility
• Management Firmware
• Node Manager Capabilities
• Hardware Protection
• Monitoring
• Power Capping
• Node Manager Policies
• IPMI
• Sensor Model
• System Event Log
• Node Manager API
• ACPI Power Metering Objects
• Summary
• Chapter 6: Operating Systems
• Operating Systems
• C-state Control
• MWAIT
• HLT
• C-state Policy
• Processor Utilization
• P-state Control
• Software Controlled Interface
• Collaborative Interface
• Firmware Control
• P-state Policy
• Performance Capacity
• P-state Coordination
• T-state Control
• Global Power Policy
• Process Scheduling
• Topology and Capability Awareness
• Timer Tick Frequency
• Execution Consolidation (Core Parking)
• Energy Efficiency
• Power Capping
• Single-Threaded Performance
• Memory Management
• Device Drivers
• PCIe, SATA, and USB
• Graphics
• Virtualization
• Power State Control
• Idle Considerations
• Active Considerations
• Consolidation
• VM Migration
• Comparison of Operating Environments.
• Microsoft Windows Server (including Hyper-V)
• Linux Distributions (including KVM)
• VMWare ESX and ESXi
• Summary
• Chapter 7: Monitoring
• Hardware Monitoring
• Fixed Counters
• Core Performance Monitors
• Uncore Performance Monitors
• Global Freeze/Unfreeze
• Edge Detection and Average Time in State
• Standard Events and Occupancy Events
• Status Snapshots
• Counter Access and Counter Constraints
• Events and Metrics
• Time (RDTSC)
• Basic Performance
• Energy Use
• Temperature
• Frequency and Voltage
• C-States
• Memory Power and Performance
• PCIe Power Management
• QPI Power Management and Performance
• Management Controller Monitoring
• Component Power Sensors
• Synthetic Sensors
• Sensors and Events
• Software Monitoring
• Utilization and Processor Time
• Simultaneous Multithreading (SMT)
• Virtualization
• Processor Power State Requests
• Scheduler, Processes, and Threads
• Interrupts
• Memory
• I/O
• Tools
• Health Checks
• Turbostat (Linux)
• PowerTOP (Linux)
• Powercfg (Windows)
• Hardware Monitoring Tools
• Intel Performance Counter Monitor (PCM)
• Linux Perf
• IPMItool
• Operating System Monitoring Tools
• SAR
• Perfmon and Logman
• Summary
• Chapter 8: Characterization and Optimization
• Workloads
• Identifying Suitable Workloads
• Workload Types
• Testing Tools
• Energy Efficiency Workloads
• SPECpower
• The Server Efficiency Rating Tool (SERT)
• Industry Workloads
• Idle Workloads
• System Characterization
• Steady State vs. Non-Steady State
• Data Collection
• Collection Duration
• Collection Frequency
• Event Ordering and Event Groups
• Multiple Tools
• Methodology
• Analysis
• Power Metrics
• Performance Metrics
• Optimization
• CPU Power Management
• P-States and Turbo
• Frequency Control in Windows
• Frequency Control in Linux
• Turbo Ratio Limit.
• Uncore Frequency Scaling
• Core C-States
• Runtime Core Disable
• Package C-States
• Energy Performance Bias
• Hyperthreading
• Prefetchers
• PCIe
• QPI
• Memory
• CKE
• Self-Refresh
• Patrol Scrub
• NIC
• Storage
• Thermal Management
• Optimization at a Glance
• Summary
• Chapter 9: Data Center Management
• Data Center Management and Power Distribution
• Data Center Facilities
• Power Infrastructure
• Power Distribution Efficiency
• Power Conditioning
• Back-up Systems
• Cooling Infrastructure
• Simplified Total Cost Models of Cost and Compute Infrastructure
• Performance per Watt per Dollar
• Summary
• Appendix A: Technology and Terms
• Index.