Energy Efficient Servers : : Blueprints for Data Center Optimization.

• Author: Gough, Corey.
• TeilnehmendeR: Steiner, Ian.; Saunders, Winston.
• Place / Publishing House: Berkeley, CA : : Apress L. P.,, 2015.; Ã2015.
• Year of Publication: 2015
• Edition: 1st ed.
• Language: English
• Physical Description: 1 online resource (347 pages)

Table of Contents

Intro -- Contents at a Glance -- Contents -- About the Authors -- About the Technical Reviewers -- Contributing Authors -- Acknowledgments -- Chapter 1: Why Data Center Efficiency Matters -- An Industry's Call to Action -- Data Center Infrastructure Energy Use -- Energy Proportional Server Efficiency -- Regulatory Environment -- Measuring Energy Efficiency -- SPECPower -- High Performance Computing Efficiency -- Energy Efficiency and Cost -- Summary -- Chapter 2: CPU Power Management -- Server CPU Architecture/Design -- CPU Architecture Building Blocks -- Threads, Cores, and Modules -- Caches and the Cache Hierarchy -- Dies and Packages -- On-die Fabrics and the Uncore -- Power Control Unit -- External Communication -- Thermal Design -- CPU Design Building Blocks -- Digital Synchronous Logic and Clocks -- SRAM and eDRAM -- I/O -- Intel Server Processors -- Introduction to Power -- CPU Power Breakdown -- Logic Power -- I/O Power -- Frequency, Voltage, and Temperature Interactions -- Power-Saving Techniques -- Turn It Off -- Turn It Down -- Power-Saving Strategies -- Race to Idle vs. Slow Down -- CPU Power and Performance States -- C-States -- Thread C-States -- Core C-States -- Core C0 -- Core C1 and C1e -- Core C3 -- Core C6 -- Core C7 (and up) -- C-State Demotion -- Package C-States -- Module C-States -- P-States -- Per Socket P-States -- Per Core P-States -- Uncore Frequency Scaling -- Turbo -- Turbo Architecture -- Power/Thermal Limits -- Thermal Protection -- Electrical Protection -- C-States and Turbo -- Fused Turbo Frequencies -- T-States -- S-States and G-States -- S0i x -- Running Average Power Limit (RAPL) -- IMON and Digital Power Meter -- Linpack Example -- DRAM (Memory) RAPL -- CPU Thermal Management -- Prochot -- CPU Power Management Summary -- Summary -- Chapter 3: Memory and I/O Power Management -- System Memory.

Memory Architecture Basics -- Devices and Ranks -- Memory Error Correction (ECC) -- Memory Capacity -- Device Power Characteristics -- DDR3 vs. DDR4 -- RDIMMs, UDIMMs, SODIMMs, and LRDIMMs -- Memory Channel Interleave and Imbalanced Memory Configurations -- Power and Performance States -- CKE Power Savings -- Self-Refresh -- Voltage/Frequency -- DDR Thermal Management -- Monitoring Temperature -- Memory Throttling -- CPU DDRIO -- Workload Behavior -- Memory Reliability Features -- CPU I/Os -- CPU Interconnect -- Link Power States -- PCIe -- Link Power States -- Link Frequency/Voltage -- Link Width -- Hot Add -- D-states -- Summary -- Chapter 4: Platform Power Management -- Platform Overview -- Common Platform Components -- Integration -- CPU Integration -- Chipset Integration -- Microservers and Server SoCs -- Platform Manageability -- CPU Sockets -- Node Controllers -- Memory Risers and Memory Buffer Chips -- Server Chipsets -- PCH and Platform Power Management -- PCH Power Management -- PCIe in Chipsets -- PCH Thermal Management -- Networking -- Ambient Temperature, TDP, and Thermal Management -- Attached Media -- LAN Power Management Features -- Media Speed -- Energy Efficient Ethernet -- Wake on LAN -- Active State Power Management (ASPM) -- Interrupt Moderation -- USB -- Link Power States -- Link Frequency/Voltage -- Storage -- Storage Servers and Power Management -- HDDs and SDDs -- SATA and SAS Drive Power Management -- Frequency/Voltage -- NVMe Drive Power Management -- Power Delivery -- Overview of Power Delivery -- Power Converter Basics -- System AC/DC Power Supply -- PSUs and the Boost Stage -- PSUs and the Isolated Buck Stage -- Redundant Power Supplies -- Shared Power Supplies -- PMBus -- DC to DC Power Converters -- Single-Phase Buck Converters -- Motherboard Multiphase Buck Converters -- SVID -- Motherboard Linear Regulators.

Integrated Voltage Regulators -- Power Management Integrated Circuit -- Power Conversion Losses -- Motherboard VRs -- Single-Phase Buck Converter -- Multiphase VR Losses -- Phase Shedding -- Diode Emulation and Burst Mode -- System Power Supplies (AC/DC) -- Right-Sizing Power Supplies -- Closed Loop System Throttling ( CLST) -- Losses in Redundant Power Supplies -- Power Supply Cold Redundancy -- Thermal Management -- System Considerations -- Component Thermal Management Features -- Processors -- Memory -- Platform Thermal Management -- Thermal Control Inputs-Sensors -- Voltage Regulators -- Power Supplies -- Fan Speed Control and Design -- Summary -- Chapter 5: BIOS and Management Firmware -- BIOS Firmware -- Microcode Update -- Advanced Configuration and Power Interface -- S-states -- C-states -- P-states -- D-states -- ACPI Interfaces -- Setup Utility -- Management Firmware -- Node Manager Capabilities -- Hardware Protection -- Monitoring -- Power Capping -- Node Manager Policies -- IPMI -- Sensor Model -- System Event Log -- Node Manager API -- ACPI Power Metering Objects -- Summary -- Chapter 6: Operating Systems -- Operating Systems -- C-state Control -- MWAIT -- HLT -- C-state Policy -- Processor Utilization -- P-state Control -- Software Controlled Interface -- Collaborative Interface -- Firmware Control -- P-state Policy -- Performance Capacity -- P-state Coordination -- T-state Control -- Global Power Policy -- Process Scheduling -- Topology and Capability Awareness -- Timer Tick Frequency -- Execution Consolidation (Core Parking) -- Energy Efficiency -- Power Capping -- Single-Threaded Performance -- Memory Management -- Device Drivers -- PCIe, SATA, and USB -- Graphics -- Virtualization -- Power State Control -- Idle Considerations -- Active Considerations -- Consolidation -- VM Migration -- Comparison of Operating Environments.

Microsoft Windows Server (including Hyper-V) -- Linux Distributions (including KVM) -- VMWare ESX and ESXi -- Summary -- Chapter 7: Monitoring -- Hardware Monitoring -- Fixed Counters -- Core Performance Monitors -- Uncore Performance Monitors -- Global Freeze/Unfreeze -- Edge Detection and Average Time in State -- Standard Events and Occupancy Events -- Status Snapshots -- Counter Access and Counter Constraints -- Events and Metrics -- Time (RDTSC) -- Basic Performance -- Energy Use -- Temperature -- Frequency and Voltage -- C-States -- Memory Power and Performance -- PCIe Power Management -- QPI Power Management and Performance -- Management Controller Monitoring -- Component Power Sensors -- Synthetic Sensors -- Sensors and Events -- Software Monitoring -- Utilization and Processor Time -- Simultaneous Multithreading (SMT) -- Virtualization -- Processor Power State Requests -- Scheduler, Processes, and Threads -- Interrupts -- Memory -- I/O -- Tools -- Health Checks -- Turbostat (Linux) -- PowerTOP (Linux) -- Powercfg (Windows) -- Hardware Monitoring Tools -- Intel Performance Counter Monitor (PCM) -- Linux Perf -- IPMItool -- Operating System Monitoring Tools -- SAR -- Perfmon and Logman -- Summary -- Chapter 8: Characterization and Optimization -- Workloads -- Identifying Suitable Workloads -- Workload Types -- Testing Tools -- Energy Efficiency Workloads -- SPECpower -- The Server Efficiency Rating Tool (SERT) -- Industry Workloads -- Idle Workloads -- System Characterization -- Steady State vs. Non-Steady State -- Data Collection -- Collection Duration -- Collection Frequency -- Event Ordering and Event Groups -- Multiple Tools -- Methodology -- Analysis -- Power Metrics -- Performance Metrics -- Optimization -- CPU Power Management -- P-States and Turbo -- Frequency Control in Windows -- Frequency Control in Linux -- Turbo Ratio Limit.

Uncore Frequency Scaling -- Core C-States -- Runtime Core Disable -- Package C-States -- Energy Performance Bias -- Hyperthreading -- Prefetchers -- PCIe -- QPI -- Memory -- CKE -- Self-Refresh -- Patrol Scrub -- NIC -- Storage -- Thermal Management -- Optimization at a Glance -- Summary -- Chapter 9: Data Center Management -- Data Center Management and Power Distribution -- Data Center Facilities -- Power Infrastructure -- Power Distribution Efficiency -- Power Conditioning -- Back-up Systems -- Cooling Infrastructure -- Simplified Total Cost Models of Cost and Compute Infrastructure -- Performance per Watt per Dollar -- Summary -- Appendix A: Technology and Terms -- Index.