Aquaculture Perspective of Multi-Use Sites in the Open Ocean : : The Untapped Potential for Marine Resources in the Anthropocene.

• Author: Buck, Bela H.
• TeilnehmendeR: Langan, Richard.
• Place / Publishing House: Cham : : Springer International Publishing AG,, 2017.; ©2017.
• Year of Publication: 2017
• Edition: 1st ed.
• Language: English
• Physical Description: 1 online resource (413 pages)

Table of Contents

• Intro
• Preface
• The Global Imperative to Develop New Models of Open Ocean Aquaculture for Accelerating Large-Scale Food and Energy Production
• ReferencesBarange, M., Merino, G. Blanchard, J. L., Scholtens, J., Harle, J., Ellison, E. H. et al. (2014). Impacts of climate change on marine ecosystem production in fisheries-dependent societies. Nature Climate Change, 4, 211-216.Barents Observer. (2015). Norway and Russia agree on Barents Sea quotas for 2015. Kirkenes, Norway. Retrieved October 20, 2016, from http://barentsobserver.com/en/nature/2014/10/norway-and-russia-agree-barents-sea-quotas-2015-10-10.Costa-Pierce, B. A. (2016). Ocean f
• Contents
• Editors and Contributors
• Abbreviations
• 1 Introduction: New Approaches to Sustainable Offshore Food Production and the Development of Offshore Platforms
• Abstract
• 1.1 Aquaculture-A Historical Overview
• 1.2 Moving Aquaculture Operations Offshore
• 1.3 The Multi-use Concept
• 1.3.1 Pilot Projects in Russia
• 1.3.2 Pilot Projects in the USA
• 1.3.3 Pilot Projects in Germany
• 1.4 Initiation to the Topic
• References
• Species, Techniques and System Design
• 2 Offshore and Multi-Use Aquaculture with Extractive Species: Seaweeds and Bivalves
• Abstract
• 2.1 Sustainable Aquaculture
• 2.2 Introduction to Extractive Species
• 2.3 IMTA on Offshore Applications
• 2.4 Extractive Species Aquaculture
• 2.4.1 Seaweeds
• 2.4.2 Bivalves
• 2.5 Cultivation Technologies, Challenges and Future Directions in Major Cultured Extractive Species
• 2.5.1 Red Seaweeds
• 2.5.1.1 Pyropia and Porphyra ('Gim' in Korean or 'Nori' in Japanese)
• 2.5.2 Brown Seaweeds
• 2.5.2.1 Saccharina and Undaria
• 2.5.2.2 Sargassum
• 2.5.3 Bivalves
• 2.5.3.1 Mussels
• 2.5.3.2 Oysters
• 2.6 Current Status of Offshore Seaweed and Bivalve Production and Their Potential for Multi-Use
• 2.6.1 Germany.
• 2.6.2 Belgium
• 2.6.3 Norway
• 2.6.4 Denmark
• 2.6.5 The Netherlands
• 2.6.6 France
• 2.6.7 United Kingdom
• 2.6.8 Italy
• 2.6.9 The United States
• 2.6.10 The Republic of Korea
• 2.6.11 China
• 2.7 Ecosystem Services
• 2.8 Concluding Remarks and Outlook
• References
• 3 Technological Approaches to Longline- and Cage-Based Aquaculture in Open Ocean Environments
• Abstract
• 3.1 Introduction
• 3.2 Case Study on Long Lines
• 3.2.1 Mussel Farming Development in NZ
• 3.2.2 Oyster Farming in the Open Ocean
• 3.3 Case Study on Submerged Aquaculture
• 3.3.1 Open Ocean Aquaculture in New Hampshire, USA
• 3.4 Case Study on Multi-use on Open Ocean Environment
• 3.4.1 Methodology
• 3.4.2 Velocity, Force and Scour Regimes
• 3.5 Discussion and Conclusions
• References
• 4 Operation and Maintenance Costs of Offshore Wind Farms and Potential Multi-use Platforms in the Dutch North Sea
• Abstract
• 4.1 Introduction
• 4.2 Offshore Operation and Maintenance Activities
• 4.2.1 Accessibility of Offshore Wind Farms
• 4.2.2 Infrastructure for Cabling and Cable Repair
• 4.2.3 Trained Staff
• 4.2.4 Dutch Offshore Wind Energy Services (DOWES)
• 4.2.5 Analysis of Operation and Maintenance Costs
• 4.3 Potential for Synergy
• 4.3.1 Operations and Life Cycle Management
• 4.3.2 Inspective, Preventive, Corrective Maintenance and Improvement Maintenance
• 4.3.3 Asset Management Control (AMC) Model
• 4.4 Conclusions
• Annex 1-Transport System Details
• Subsea Power Cable Subsystem
• Offshore Wind and Fish Farming Support Ships
• Tooling and Spars Container Support System
• Mussel Harvest Subsystems
• References
• 5 Technical Risks of Offshore Structures
• Abstract
• 5.1 Introduction
• 5.2 Corrosion Aspects and Biofouling
• 5.2.1 Corrosion Mechanisms and Corrosivity Zones for Offshore Structures.
• 5.2.2 Corrosion Risks in Currently Used Offshore Wind Turbines
• 5.2.3 Biofouling on Offshore Structures
• 5.2.4 Potential Influence of Offshore Aquaculture on the Corrosion of Unprotected Steel Structures
• 5.3 Mechanical Risks of Wind Farms Due to the Presence of Offshore Aquaculture Constructions
• 5.4 Scenario Analyses
• 5.5 Conclusions and Recommendations
• References
• Aquaculture Governance
• 6 Aquaculture Site-Selection and Marine Spatial Planning: The Roles of GIS-Based Tools and Models
• Abstract
• 6.1 Reconciling Ocean Uses Through Marine Spatial Planning
• 6.2 Potential Benefits of MSP to Aquaculture
• 6.3 Decision Support Systems for MSP and Aquaculture Siting
• 6.3.1 The Importance of Spatial Data in the Planning Process
• 6.3.2 DSS for Aquaculture Siting
• 6.4 The Co-location Scenario: Combining Offshore Wind Energy and Aquaculture
• 6.4.1 Co-location as an Opportunity for Spatial Planning?
• 6.4.2 Case Study in the German Bight
• 6.5 Conclusions and Future Needs
• Acknowledgements
• References
• 7 Governance and Offshore Aquaculture in Multi-resource Use Settings
• Abstract
• 7.1 Introduction
• 7.2 Defining Governance, Management and Policy
• 7.3 Developing a Multi-level Governance Framework for Offshore Aquaculture
• 7.4 Knowledge and Information Gaps in Offshore Aquaculture Multi-use Governance
• 7.5 Outlook
• References
• 8 The Socio-economic Dimensions of Offshore Aquaculture in a Multi-use Setting
• Abstract
• 8.1 Background
• 8.2 Socio-economic Dimensions of Aquaculture-A First Typology
• 8.2.1 Attitudes to and Perceptions of Aquaculture
• 8.2.2 Organization of and Participation in Planning for Aquaculture
• 8.2.3 Direct Benefits of Aquaculture, and Their Distribution
• 8.2.4 Negative Effects of Aquaculture Production Activities and Conflicts with Other Interests.
• 8.2.5 Effects on the Wider Economic and Innovation System
• 8.2.6 Effects on Cultural Fabric and Other Social Aspects
• 8.3 Current Knowledge on Socio-economic Effects of Offshore Aquaculture
• 8.4 Implications for Assessing the Socio-economic Effects of Offshore Aquaculture in a Multi-use Setting
• 8.5 Outlook
• Acknowledgements
• References
• 9 Regulation and Permitting of Standalone and Co-located Open Ocean Aquaculture Facilities
• Abstract
• 9.1 Introduction
• 9.1.1 Cultured Seafood Trends
• 9.1.2 Ocean Energy Trends
• 9.2 Status of Commercial Offshore Aquaculture
• 9.2.1 Standalone Aquaculture Projects
• 9.2.2 Aquaculture Co-located with Platforms
• 9.3 Case Studies on Permitting and Regulation
• 9.3.1 Introduction
• 9.3.2 Regulating Finfish Aquaculture in the U.S. EEZ, a Regional Approach
• 9.3.2.1 Background
• 9.3.2.2 A Path Forward
• 9.3.2.3 The Gulf Council Permit Process
• Core Terms
• Description of the Application
• Description of the Permit Process
• Consultations
• Operational and Monitoring Requirements
• Sanctions and Denials
• 9.3.2.4 Other Required Permits
• DA Section 10 Permit, ACOE-
• National Pollution Discharge Elimination System (NPDES), EPA
• 9.3.2.5 Successful State Permit/Leasing Processes
• Maine
• Hawaii
• 9.3.2.6 Discussion
• Evolution of the Regional Approach
• The Gulf Plan Rules, Concerns
• Core Terms, Concerns
• The Application, Concerns
• Operating and Monitoring Requirements, Concerns
• Comparison with State Processes
• 9.3.3 Case Study-Shellfish Farming in the Northeastern and West Coasts of the U.S., Recent Examples
• 9.3.3.1 Catalina Sea Ranch-First Farm Permitted in Federal Waters
• Catalina Sea Ranch's Offshore Mariculture Monitoring Program
• 9.3.3.2 Massachusetts Case Studies-A Tale of Two Projects
• Cape Ann Mussel Farm
• Nantucket Sound Mussel Farm.
• 9.3.3.3 Discussion
• 9.3.4 Case Study: Mussel Farming Off the English Coast
• One Farmer's Experience
• 9.3.4.1 Introduction
• 9.3.4.2 Description of Farm
• 9.3.4.3 Legislatory Framework
• 9.3.4.4 Application Process
• Informal Consultation
• Coast Protection Act 1949
• Section 34
• Seabed Lease
• Aquaculture Production Business
• Shellfish Harvesting Area Classification
• 9.3.4.5 Discussion of Current Licensing Process
• Environmental Impact
• Socio-Economic Impact
• 9.3.4.6 Discussion-Future Regulation and Co-location of Offshore Aquaculture
• 9.4 Recommendations for Developing a Regulatory System
• 9.4.1 Planning a Regulatory System
• 9.4.2 The Regulatory System
• References
• Aquaculture Economics
• 10 Economics of Multi-use and Co-location
• Abstract
• 10.1 Introduction
• 10.2 Ocean Space as an Input to Economic Production
• 10.2.1 Production Function
• 10.2.2 Unit Values
• 10.3 Public Benefits from Multi-use and Co-location
• 10.4 Private Benefits from Multi-use and Co-location
• 10.5 Case Study: Mussel Culture and Wind Farms in the Netherlands
• 10.6 Conclusions
• References
• Case Studies
• 11 The German Case Study: Pioneer Projects of Aquaculture-Wind Farm Multi-Uses
• Abstract
• 11.1 Introduction
• 11.2 The Beginning
• 11.3 Potential Species for Offshore Aquaculture
• 11.3.1 Seaweed Species
• 11.3.1.1 Candidate: Laminarian Species
• 11.3.1.2 Candidate: Palmaria palmata
• 11.3.1.3 Candidate: Delesseria sanguinea
• 11.3.2 Bivalve Species
• 11.3.2.1 Candidate: Mytilus edulis
• 11.3.2.2 Candidates: Crassostrea gigas and Ostrea edulis
• 11.3.3 Crustacean Species
• 11.3.3.1 Candidate: Homarus gammarus
• 11.3.3.2 Candidate: Cancer pagurus
• 11.3.4 Fish Species
• 11.3.4.1 Candidate: Dicentrarchus labrax
• 11.3.4.2 Candidate: Gadus morhua
• 11.3.4.3 Candidate: Hippoglossus hippoglossus.
• 11.3.4.4 Candidate: Scophthalmus maximus.