Ethics and Drug Resistance : : Collective Responsibility for Global Public Health.

• Superior document: Public Health Ethics Analysis Series ; v.5
• Author: Jamrozik, Euzebiusz.
• TeilnehmendeR: Selgelid, Michael.
• Place / Publishing House: Cham : : Springer International Publishing AG,, 2020.; ©2020.
• Year of Publication: 2020
• Edition: 1st ed.
• Language: English
• Series: Public Health Ethics Analysis Series
• Physical Description: 1 online resource (452 pages)

Table of Contents

Ethics and Drug Resistance:Collective Responsibility for Global Public Health -- Introduction: Ethics and Drug Resistance -- Background -- Part I: Ethics and Drug-Resistance in Context -- Part II: Theoretical Approaches to Ethics and Drug Resistance -- Part III: Ethics, Regulation, Governance, and Drug Resistance -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- Part I: Ethics and Drug Resistance in Context -- Chapter 1: Drug-Resistant Infection: Causes, Consequences, and Responses -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Causes -- 1.2.1 Evolution and Transmission of Resistance Genes -- 1.2.2 Antimicrobial Use in Humans -- 1.2.3 Transmission -- 1.2.4 Antimicrobial Use in Animals and Agriculture -- 1.3 Consequences -- 1.3.1 Direct Harms to Human Beings -- 1.3.2 Economic Consequences -- 1.3.3 Burdensome Public Health Interventions -- 1.4 Responses -- 1.4.1 New Drugs -- 1.4.2 Research and Surveillance -- 1.4.2.1 Reducing Use in Humans -- 1.4.2.2 Reducing Use in Animals and Agriculture -- 1.4.2.3 Addressing Social Determinants of Health -- 1.4.2.4 Infection Control -- 1.4.2.5 Vaccines -- 1.5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 2: Preventive Therapy for Multidrug Resistant Latent Tuberculosis Infection: An Ethical Imperative with Ethical Barriers to Implementation? -- 2.1 Background -- 2.2 Discussion -- 2.2.1 Ongoing and Proposed Clinical Trials to Evaluate Antibiotic Therapy to Prevent Drug-Resistant Infection -- 2.2.2 Challenges in the Use of Antibiotics as a Research Intervention in LTBI Treatment -- 2.2.2.1 How to Balance Between Uncertainties and Risk of Harm: A Common Issue in Public Health Practice -- 2.2.2.2 Development of Acquired Drug Resistance during Preventive Therapy -- 2.2.3 Challenge in Conducting Research Using Fluoroquinolone in Children -- 2.2.4 Poor Understanding about LTBI and the Use of Diagnostic Tests.

2.2.5 Challenges in Obtaining Informed Consent and Following-up Study Participants -- 2.2.6 Stigmatization -- 2.3 Solutions for Identified Ethical Problems and Challenges -- 2.3.1 Developing a Comprehensive LTBI Research Agenda -- 2.3.2 Collaboration -- 2.3.3 Provide Education and Raise Community Awareness of LTBI -- 2.3.4 Strengthen Communication Between Research Ethics Committees (RECs) and Researchers -- 2.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3: Providing Universal Access While Avoiding Antiretroviral Resistance: Ethical Tensions in HIV Treatment -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Drug Resistant HIV -- 3.3 A Word on HIV Monitoring -- 3.4 Key Elements of the 'Public Health' Approach to HIV -- 3.5 Changes in Eligibility for ART -- 3.6 ART in Pregnancy in LMIC: A Case Study -- 3.7 Addressing ART Resistance -- 3.8 Biomedical Prevention and Drug Resistance -- 3.9 Monitoring Drug Resistance Beyond the Individual -- 3.10 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4: Ethics and Antimalarial Drug Resistance -- 4.1 The Problem, Context and Background -- 4.1.1 How Should the Problem of Artemisinin Resistant Malaria be Tackled? -- 4.2 Practical Ethical Issues Arising in These Interventions -- 4.2.1 Ongoing Surveillance -- 4.2.2 Mass Drug Administration (MDA) -- 4.2.3 Mass Screening and Treatment (MSAT) -- 4.2.4 Vector Control -- 4.2.5 Targeting 'Source' Populations -- 4.2.6 Mandatory Screening -- 4.2.7 Triple Artemisinin Combination Therapies (TACTs) -- 4.3 Summary of Ethical Considerations -- 4.3.1 Autonomy and Consent Versus the Global Benefit -- 4.3.2 Risk Benefit -- 4.3.3 Data and Sample Sharing -- 4.3.4 Scientific Disagreement About the Best Way Forward -- 4.4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 5: Antimicrobial Resistance and the Private Sector in Southeast Asia -- 5.1 Diversity, Epidemiology and Surveillance Capacity -- 5.2 Private Health Services and AMR.

5.3 Policy Challenges in Tackling AMR -- 5.4 Ethical Issues -- 5.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 6: Hospital Infection Prevention and Control (IPC) and Antimicrobial Stewardship (AMS): Dual Strategies to Reduce Antibiotic Resistance (ABR) in Hospitals -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Hospital Infection in the "Pre-Antibiotic Era" -- 6.3 The Antibiotic Era -- 6.4 Antibiotic Use and Stewardship in Hospitals -- 6.5 Hospital Infection Prevention and Control (IPC) and ABR -- 6.5.1 Healthcare-Associated Infections and Their Consequences -- 6.5.2 Hospital IPC Programs -- 6.5.3 The Central Role of Hand Hygiene in IPC -- 6.5.4 Doctors and IPC -- 6.5.5 The Organization's Role in IPC/AMS Programs -- 6.6 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 7: Epidemiology and Ethics of Antimicrobial Resistance in Animals -- 7.1 Introduction: Evolutionary History of Antimicrobial Resistance as a Natural Phenomenon -- 7.2 Drug Resistance as an Animal or Public Health Concern -- 7.3 Antimicrobial Use in Animals -- 7.4 Surveillance for Antimicrobial Resistance in Animals -- 7.5 Summary and Conclusion -- References -- Part II: Theoretical Approaches to Ethics and Drug Resistance -- Chapter 8: The Virtuous Physician and Antimicrobial Prescribing Policy and Practice -- 8.1 Antimicrobial Resistance and Virtue Ethics -- 8.2 Medical Virtues and Antimicrobial Prescribing -- 8.3 Community-Centred Medical Virtues and Antimicrobial Prescribing Practice and Policy -- 8.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 9: Moral Responsibility and the Justification of Policies to Preserve Antimicrobial Effectiveness -- 9.1 The Problem of Antimicrobial Resistance -- 9.2 Public Goods, Tragedy of the Commons, and Policies to Address Antimicrobial Resistance -- 9.3 Morality and Antimicrobial Consumption.

9.4 Individual Responsibility and Duty of Easy Rescue: The Ethical Solution to the Tragedy of the Commons and the Responsibilities of the State -- 9.5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 10: Access to Effective Diagnosis and Treatment for Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis: Deepening the Human Rights-Based Approach -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Access to Effective DR-TB Diagnosis and Treatment -- 10.3 Rights Based Approach to DR-TB -- 10.4 The Right to Enjoy the Benefits of Scientific Progress -- 10.4.1 The Obligation to Respect -- 10.4.2 The Obligation to Protect -- 10.4.3 Obligation to Fulfill -- 10.4.4 Realising the REBSP -- 10.4.5 Minimum Core Obligations -- 10.5 Lack of Scientific Progress in DR-TB -- 10.6 Intellectual Property Rights and Access to Essential Medicines -- 10.7 Creating an Enabling Environment -- 10.8 International Cooperation to Improve Access to DR-TB Drugs -- 10.9 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 11: The Right to Refuse Treatment for Infectious Disease -- 11.1 The Right to Refuse Medical Treatment -- 11.2 Existing Approaches to Compelled Treatment for Infectious Diseases -- 11.3 Ethical Analysis -- References -- Chapter 12: Surveillance and Control of Asymptomatic Carriers of Drug-Resistant Bacteria -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.1.1 History -- 12.1.2 Against Microbial Determinism -- 12.1.3 Key Drug-Resistant Pathogens -- 12.2 The Public Health Problem -- 12.2.1 Antibiotic Use and Drug Resistance -- 12.2.2 Transmission -- 12.2.3 Duration of Carriage -- 12.3 Potential Public Health Responses -- 12.3.1 Surveillance, Notification, and Monitoring -- 12.3.2 Restrictions of Freedom of Movement (Isolation, Quarantine, Travel Bans) -- 12.3.3 Treatment and Decolonization -- 12.4 Ethical Issues -- 12.4.1 Applying Public Health Ethics Frameworks -- 12.4.2 Public Health Intervention for Healthy Carriers.

12.4.3 Burdens of Interventions and Support for Carriers -- 12.5 The Need for More Surveillance and Research -- 12.6 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 13: Conceptualizing the Impact of MDRO Control Measures Directed at Carriers: A Capability Approach -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 The Ethical Treatment of MDRO Carriers: A Neglected Issue -- 13.3 A Capabilitarian Framework for Conceptualizing the Impact of MDRO Control Measures -- 13.4 Nussbaum's Ten Central Capabilities: A Starting Point -- 13.5 A Taxonomy of Normatively Relevant Capabilities in the Context of Addressing MDRO Carriership -- 13.6 Applying the Capabilitarian Taxonomy in Practice -- 13.7 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 14: A Capability Perspective on Antibiotic Resistance, Inequality, and Child Development -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Capability Theory -- 14.3 Infectious Disease and Capabilities -- 14.4 Human Dignity and Infectious Disease -- 14.5 Clustering of Disadvantage: The Example of Growth Stunting -- 14.6 Capability Thresholds and Inequality? -- 14.7 International Cooperation, Unequal Partners -- 14.8 A Relational Approach to Capability Inequality -- 14.9 Inequalities Subvert Capabilities -- 14.10 Addressing Inequalities, Achieving Capability Thresholds -- 14.11 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 15: Fairness in the Use of Information About Carriers of Resistant Infections -- 15.1 The Important Roles of Information -- 15.2 The Vector Perspective -- 15.3 The Victim Perspective -- 15.4 Fairness in Information Use -- References -- Chapter 16: Antimicrobial Resistance and Social Inequalities in Health: Considerations of Justice -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.2 Health Inequalities and Health Egalitarianism: Definitions -- 16.2.1 Toward a Multi-dimensional Account of Justice, Health, and Equality as a Normative Goal -- 16.3 Examples -- 16.3.1 Example: AMR, Sex, and Gender.

16.3.2 Example: AMR and Parasitic Infection.