Particle Physics Reference Library : : Volume 1: Theory and Experiments.

• Author: Schopper, Herwig.
• Place / Publishing House: Cham : : Springer International Publishing AG,, 2020.; ©2020.
• Year of Publication: 2020
• Edition: 1st ed.
• Language: English
• Physical Description: 1 online resource (631 pages)

Table of Contents

Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- About the Editor -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Gauge Theories and the Standard Model -- 2.1 Introduction to Chaps. 2, 3 and 4 -- 2.2 Introduction -- 2.3 Overview of the Standard Model -- 2.4 The Formalism of Gauge Theories -- 2.5 Application to QCD -- 2.6 Quantization of a Gauge Theory -- 2.7 Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking in Gauge Theories -- 2.8 Quantization of Spontaneously Broken Gauge Theories: Rξ Gauges -- References -- 3 The Standard Model of Electroweak Interactions -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 The Gauge Sector -- 3.3 Couplings of Gauge Bosons to Fermions -- 3.4 Gauge Boson Self-interactions -- 3.5 The Higgs Sector -- 3.6 The CKM Matrix -- 3.7 Neutrino Masses -- 3.8 Renormalization of the Electroweak Theory -- 3.9 QED Tests: Lepton Anomalous Magnetic Moments -- 3.10 Large Radiative Corrections to Electroweak Processes -- 3.11 Electroweak Precision Tests in the SM and Beyond -- 3.12 Results of the SM Analysis of Precision Tests -- 3.13 Phenomenology of the SM Higgs -- 3.13.1 Theoretical Bounds on the SM Higgs Mass -- 3.13.2 SM Higgs Decays -- 3.14 Limitations of the Standard Model -- References -- 4 QCD: The Theory of Strong Interactions -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Massless QCD and Scale Invariance -- 4.3 The Renormalisation Group and Asymptotic Freedom -- 4.4 More on the Running Coupling -- 4.5 Application to Hard Processes -- 4.5.1 Re+e- and Related Processes -- 4.5.2 The Final State in e+e- Annihilation -- 4.5.3 Deep Inelastic Scattering -- 4.5.3.1 Resummation for Deep Inelastic Structure Functions -- 4.5.3.2 Polarized Deep Inelastic Scattering -- 4.5.4 Factorisation and the QCD Improved Parton Model -- 4.6 Measurements of αs -- 4.6.1 αs from e+e- Colliders -- 4.6.2 αs from Deep Inelastic Scattering -- 4.6.3 Summary on αs -- 4.7 Conclusion -- References -- 5 QCD on the Lattice -- 5.1 Introduction and Outline.

5.1.1 Historical Perspective -- 5.1.2 Outline -- 5.2 The Lattice Approach to QCD -- 5.2.1 Euclidean Quantization -- 5.2.2 Lattice Actions for QCD -- 5.2.3 Functional Integral and Observables -- 5.2.4 Continuum Limit, Scale Setting and Renormalization -- 5.2.5 Limitations and Systematic Effects -- 5.2.6 Simulations with Dynamical Quarks -- 5.3 Hadron Spectroscopy -- 5.3.1 Light Hadron Spectrum -- 5.3.2 Glueballs -- 5.4 Confinement and String Breaking -- 5.5 Fundamental Parameters of QCD -- 5.5.1 Non-perturbative Renormalization -- 5.5.2 Finite Volume Scheme: The Schrödinger Functional -- 5.5.3 Regularization-Independent Momentum Subtraction Scheme -- 5.5.4 Mean-Field Improved Perturbation Theory -- 5.5.5 The Running Coupling from the Lattice -- 5.5.6 Light Quark Masses -- 5.6 Spontaneous Chiral Symmetry Breaking -- 5.6.1 Chiral Perturbation Theory -- 5.6.2 Lattice Calculations of the Quark Condensate -- 5.7 Hadronic Weak Matrix Elements -- 5.7.1 Weak Matrix Elements in the Kaon Sector -- 5.7.2 Weak Matrix Elements in the Heavy Quark Sector -- 5.8 Concluding Remarks -- 5.9 Addendum: QCD on the Lattice -- 5.9.1 Introduction -- 5.9.2 Hadron Spectroscopy -- 5.9.3 Parameters of the Standard Model -- 5.9.4 Nucleon Matrix Elements -- 5.9.5 Hadronic Contributions to the Muon Anomalous Magnetic Moment -- 5.9.6 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 6 The Discovery of the Higgs Boson at the LHC -- 6.1 Introduction and the Standard Model -- 6.2 The SM Higgs Boson -- 6.2.1 Higgs Boson: Production and Decay -- 6.3 The Large Hadron Collider -- 6.3.1 The Road to the LHC -- 6.3.2 The Challenges of the LHC Accelerator -- 6.4 The ATLAS and CMS Experiments -- 6.4.1 The Challenges for ATLAS and CMS Experiments -- 6.4.2 The ATLAS Detector -- 6.4.3 The CMS Detector -- 6.4.4 Installation and Commissioning -- 6.5 Experiment Software and LHC Worldwide Computing Grid.

6.6 Operation of the LHC: The Start of Data Taking -- 6.6.1 Measurement of SM Processes to Verify Experiment Performance -- 6.7 The Discovery and Properties of a Higgs Boson -- 6.7.1 Event and Physics Objects Reconstruction and Analysis Techniques -- 6.7.2 The Discovery: Results from the 2011 and Partial 2012 Datasets -- 6.7.2.1 The H =→ γγ Decay Mode -- 6.7.2.2 The H =→ ZZ() =→ 4 l Decay Mode -- 6.7.2.3 Combinations -- 6.7.3 Results from the Data Recorded Subsequent to the Discovery -- 6.7.3.1 The H =→ γγ -- 6.7.3.2 H =→ ZZ() =→ 4 l Decay Mode -- 6.7.3.3 H =→ WW() =→ 2 l 2 Decay Mode -- 6.7.3.4 The H =→ ττ Decay Mode -- 6.7.3.5 H=→ bb Decay Mode -- 6.7.3.6 H =→ Decay Mode -- 6.7.3.7 ttbar H Production Mode -- 6.7.4 Combining the Results -- 6.7.4.1 Mass of the Observed State -- 6.7.4.2 Compatibility of the Observed State with the SM Higgs Boson Hypothesis: Signal Strength -- 6.7.4.3 Compatibility of the Observed State with the SM Higgs Boson Hypothesis: Couplings -- 6.7.4.4 Compatibility of the Observed State with the SM Higgs Boson Hypothesis: Quantum Numbers -- 6.8 Conclusions and Outlook -- References -- 7 Relativistic Nucleus-Nucleus Collisions and the QCD Matter Phase Diagram -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.1.1 Overview -- 7.1.2 History -- 7.2 Bulk Hadron Production in A+A Collisions -- 7.2.1 Particle Multiplicity and Transverse Energy Density -- 7.2.2 Rapidity Distributions -- 7.2.3 Dependence on System Size -- 7.2.4 Gluon Saturation in A+A Collisions -- 7.2.5 Transverse Phase Space: Equilibrium and the QGP State -- 7.2.6 Bulk Hadron Transverse Spectra and Radial Expansion Flow -- 7.3 Hadronization and Hadronic Freeze-Out in A+A Collisions -- 7.3.1 Hadronic Freeze-Out from Expansion Flow -- 7.3.2 Grand Canonical Strangeness Enhancement -- 7.3.3 Origin of Hadro-Chemical Equilibrium -- 7.3.4 Hadronization vs. Rapidity and s -- 7.4 Elliptic Flow.

7.5 In-medium Attenuation of High pT Hadronand Jet Production -- 7.5.1 High pT Inclusive Hadron Production Quenching -- 7.5.2 Energy Loss in a QCD Medium -- 7.5.3 Di-jet Production and Attenuation in A+A Collisions -- 7.6 Vector Meson and Direct Photon Production: Penetrating Probes -- 7.6.1 Charmonium Suppression -- 7.6.2 Direct Photons -- 7.6.3 Low Mass Dilepton Spectra: Vector Mesons In-medium -- 7.7 Fluctuation and Correlation Signals -- 7.7.1 Elliptic Flow Fluctuation -- 7.7.2 Critical Point: Fluctuations from Diverging Susceptibilities -- 7.7.3 Critical Fluctuation of the Sigma-Field, and Related Pionic Observables -- 7.7.4 Bose-Einstein-Correlation -- 7.8 Summary -- 7.9 Postscript -- 7.9.1 Progress of the Field -- 7.9.2 Reaction Dynamics -- 7.9.3 Energy Loss in a QCD Medium: Hadron Suppression and Jet Quenching -- 7.9.4 Charmonium -- 7.9.5 Hadronization and the QCD Phase Diagram -- 7.9.6 New Topics -- 7.9.6.1 Proton Induced Collisions -- 7.9.6.2 Lambda Polarization and Fireball Vorticity -- 7.9.6.3 EOS from Neutron Star Mergers -- 7.9.6.4 Production of Light Nuclei in A+A Collisions -- References -- 8 Beyond the Standard Model -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Super Symmetry [1] -- 8.2.1 Elementary Particles in SUSY Models: Algebraic Structure -- 8.2.2 Supersymmetric Lagrangians -- 8.2.2.1 Superspace, Chiral Fields and Lagrangians for Spin Zero and One-half Particles -- 8.2.2.2 Global Symmetries -- 8.2.2.3 Lagrangians for SUSY Gauge Theories -- 8.2.3 Supersymmetrical Particle Spectrum in Nature? -- 8.2.4 Spontaneous SUSY Breaking: Perturbative Analysis -- 8.2.4.1 F-terms -- 8.2.4.2 SUSY Breaking in Theories with Scalars and Spin One Half Particles by F Terms -- 8.2.4.3 SUSY Breaking in Supersymmetric Gauge Theories -- 8.2.5 Dynamics of SUSY Gauge Theories and SUSY Breaking -- 8.2.5.1 Phases of Gauge Theories -- 8.2.5.2 SUSY QCD: The Setup.

8.2.5.3 The Moduli Space -- 8.2.5.4 Quantum Moduli Spaces/Dynamical SUSY Breaking -- 8.2.5.5 Infra-red Duality -- 8.2.5.6 More General Matter Composition of SUSY Gauge Theories -- 8.2.6 Dynamics of SUSY Gauge Theories with N &gt -- 1 SUSY -- 8.2.6.1 N == 4 Supersymmetry -- 8.2.7 Gauging Supersymmetry -- 8.2.8 The Hierarchy Problem -- 8.2.9 Effective Theories -- 8.2.10 MSSM Lagrangian -- 8.3 Unification -- 8.3.1 Gauge Group Unification [2] -- 8.3.2 Extra Dimensions and Unification [3] -- 8.4 String Theory [4] -- 8.4.1 No NOH Principle -- 8.4.2 Why Change a Winning Team: Extended Constituents Are Called Upon to Replace Point-like Ones -- 8.4.3 New Questions -- 8.4.4 The One and Only? -- 8.4.5 Successes: Black Holes, Holography and All That … -- 8.4.6 Magic -- 8.4.7 Human Effort and Closing Remarks -- 8.5 Hindsight from 2018 -- 8.6 References for 8 -- 9 Symmetry Violations and Quark Flavour Physics -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.1.1 Matter-Antimatter Asymmetry in the Universe -- 9.2 Discrete Symmetries -- 9.2.1 Discrete Symmetries in Classical Physics -- 9.2.1.1 Parity P -- 9.2.1.2 Time Reversal T -- 9.2.1.3 Dipole Moments -- 9.2.2 Discrete Symmetries in Quantum Systems -- 9.2.2.1 Particle-Antiparticle Conjugation -- 9.2.2.2 Violation of Mirror Symmetry: Parity Violation in Weak Interactions -- 9.2.2.3 Violation of C Symmetry, and CP Invariance -- 9.2.2.4 CP Invariance and Neutral K Mesons -- 9.2.2.5 Discovery of CP Violation -- 9.2.3 Discrete Symmetries in Quantum Mechanics -- 9.3 Mixing and Decay of Neutral Flavoured Mesons -- 9.3.1 Particle-Antiparticle Mixing -- 9.3.2 Decays of Neutral Mesons -- 9.3.2.1 Time-Dependent Schrödinger Equation -- 9.3.2.2 Decay Asymmetries and CP -- 9.4 Models of CP Violation -- 9.5 The Neutral K Meson System -- 9.5.1 Mass Eigenstates and CP Eigenstates -- 9.5.2 Isospin Decomposition.

9.5.3 Interference Between Decay Amplitudes of KL and KS.