Gene Drives at Tipping Points : : Precautionary Technology Assessment and Governance of New Approaches to Genetically Modify Animal and Plant Populations.
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Place / Publishing House: | Cham : : Springer International Publishing AG,, 2020. ©2020. |
Year of Publication: | 2020 |
Edition: | 1st ed. |
Language: | English |
Online Access: | |
Physical Description: | 1 online resource (264 pages) |
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Table of Contents:
- Intro
- Acknowledgements
- Introduction
- Contents
- Contributors
- Abbreviations
- Species List
- 1 Technology Characterisation
- Introduction
- SPAGE-Techniques
- Gene Drives
- Methodology of Technology Characterisation
- Depth of Intervention (Technological Power and Range)
- Intensity of Intervention (Number/Frequency)
- Reliability of the Technology
- Corrigibility or Limitation of Damage in Case of Failure
- Important Preliminary Remarks
- SPAGE Technologies
- Release of Insects Carrying a Dominant Lethal Gene (RIDL)
- Meiotic Drives (MD) in particular X-Shredder
- Killer-Rescue
- Maternal-Effect Dominant Embryonic Arrest (Medea)
- Underdominance (UD)
- Homing Endonuclease Genes (HEG)
- CRISPR/Cas9
- Summary of the Technology Characterisation
- References
- 2 Gene Drives Touching Tipping Points
- The Relevance of Tipping Points to Understand Implications of Deliberate Release of Self Propagating Artificial Genetic Elements (SPAGE)
- Conceptual Background: Phase Transitions in Dynamic Systems
- Examples in Different Scientific Domains
- Concepts and Applications in Dynamic Theory: Important Forms of Phase Transitions Where Tipping Points Mark Domain Boundaries
- Potential Tipping Points with SPAGE Involvement
- A Hierarchy in Consideration Levels: Where SPAGE-Related Tipping Points Could Occur
- Tipping Points on the Molecular and Physiological Level
- Tipping Points on the Population Level
- Tipping Points on the Ecosystem Level
- Tipping Points on the Landscape and (Cross-) Regional Level
- Tipping Points in an Evolutionary Context
- Tipping Point Considerations with Regard to a Social Ecological Domain of SPAGE-The Interaction of Natural and Social Processes
- Tipping Points in Application and Feasibility Considerations
- Tipping Points in Risk Assessment and Management.
- Tipping Points in Regulation and Law Enforcement
- Tipping Points in Social Acceptance
- Discourse Outlook
- References
- 3 Vulnerability Analysis of Ecological Systems
- Introduction
- Ecosystem Vulnerability Analysis
- Exposure
- Sensitivity
- Adaptive Capacity
- Event-Based Analysis of Vulnerability
- Potential Tipping Events Caused by GDO
- Structural Analysis of Vulnerability
- Resilience of Ecosystems
- Regime Shifts and Resilience
- Summary
- References
- 4 Case Study 1: Olive Fruit Fly (Bactrocera oleae)
- Population Biology
- Phenology
- Population Characteristics
- Environmental Tolerances
- Dispersal Dynamics
- Dispersal Distances
- Genetic Variability and Gene Flow
- Potential Hazards with Regard to Gene Drive Release
- Unintentional Long-Distance Transport of the Genetically Modified Organism
- Hybridization and Horizontal Gene Transfer Across Species Boundaries
- Ecological Niche Filling by Other Species
- Concluding Remark
- References
- 5 Case Study 2: Oilseed Rape (Brassica napus L.)
- Intention and Scope of the Case Study Oilseed Rape (Brassica napus)
- Oilseed Rape-Biological and Ecological Characteristics
- Production, Uses and Genetic Modification
- Potential Hybridisation Partners
- Conclusions on Gene Flow Potential
- Pests and Pathogens
- Pollen Transfer and Gene Flow
- Gene Flow by Airborne Pollen Transport
- Lineage-Specific Factors of Actual Gene Flow
- Not-Lineage-Specific Factors of Actual Gene Flow
- Gene Flow via Pollen Transport by Insects
- Seed Persistence and Germination in Oilseed Rape
- Genetic Modifications in Oilseed Rape
- Persistence of Genetically Modified Oilseed Rape Outside Fields
- General Implications
- Agricultural Implications
- Conservation Implications
- Detection of Unintended Spread of Transgenic Oilseed Rape in Various Countries.
- Modelling Approaches for Gene Drives
- GeneSys
- GeneTraMP
- Model Suitability to Represent Gene Drive Population Dynamics
- Suitability and Prerequisites of Oilseed Rape for Gene Drives?
- Purposes for Oilseed Rape Gene Drives?
- Gene Drives to Delete/Block Herbicide Resistances
- CRISPR/Cas-Based Approaches
- Resistance Blocking
- Overwriting Various Herbicide Resistances with a Single Resistance
- Self-Limiting CRISPR/Cas-Based Approaches
- Gene Drive Seeds as a Breeding Tool on Agricultural Fields
- Female Infertility Drive
- Other Gene Drive Techniques Besides CRISPR/Cas
- Conclusion
- References
- 6 Model Concepts for Gene Drive Dynamics
- Introduction
- Stock-Flow Model of an Olive Fly Population
- Stock-Flow Model of a Single-Locus Underdominance Gene Drive
- Stock-Flow Model of a Medea Gene Drive
- Deterministic Recurrence-Based Calculations on the Inheritance Schemes of Different Gene Drive Techniques
- Stochastic Model Considering an Olive Fly Population with Gene Drive and Bottlenecks
- Differential Equation-Based Modelling of an Olive Fly Population with a Gene Drive
- Individual-Based Model of an Olive Fly Population with Gene Drive
- Conclusion
- References
- 7 Alternative Techniques and Options for Risk Reduction of Gene Drives
- Introduction
- Intrinsic Containment
- Safety Options for GDO-Releases
- Molecular Modifications of Gene Drives as Safety Strategy
- Limitation by Secondary Releases
- Limitation by Dependence
- Limitation by Genetic Instability
- Alternative Approaches to Synthetic Gene Drives
- Overview of Potential Safety Mechanisms
- Summary
- References
- 8 Limits of Knowledge and Tipping Points in the Risk Assessment of Gene Drive Organisms
- Introduction
- The Production of Knowledge and Non-knowledge
- The Science of Non-knowledge in Upstream Technology Assessment.
- The Exploration of Non-knowledge in the Field of Biotechnology
- Some 'Known Unknowns' in Regard to Risk Assessment of GE Organisms and New Challenges Posed by Gene Drives
- Conceptual Challenges in Risk Assessment of GE Organisms
- Specific Characteristics of GE Organisms
- Specific Challenges in Risk Assessment of Gene Drives
- Some Reasons for Concern Arising from Existing Evidence
- The EFSA Concept and the Problem of Spatio-Temporal Complexity
- The Current EFSA System and Its Approach to Future Applications
- Some Relevant Aspects of Spatio-Temporal Complexity
- Problems Emerging from Spatio-Temporal Complexity for Risk Assessment
- 'Spatio-Temporal Controllability' as a Cut-Off Criterion
- Lessons Learned from Risk Assessment of Chemicals
- Cut-Off Criteria in the Risk Assessment of GE Organisms
- Case Studies: How to Apply 'Spatio-Temporal Controllability' in Practice
- The Role of the Risk Manager
- Discussion
- Conclusions
- References
- 9 Steps Towards a Precautionary Risk Governance of SPAGE Technologies Including Gene-Drives
- Reasons for Concern as an Interface Between Risk Assessment and Risk Management
- Dealing with Non-knowledge: Precautionary, Prospective Technology Assessment Versus Environmental Risk Assessment
- Depth of Intervention
- Identification of Substances of Very High Concern in REACH
- Operationalization of the Precautionary Principle in the Governance of GMOs Along the Lines of REACH
- Conclusion
- Five Steps Towards Integrating the Precautionary Principle into the Governance of SPAGE
- References
- Summary
- References
- Index.