Gene Drives at Tipping Points : : Precautionary Technology Assessment and Governance of New Approaches to Genetically Modify Animal and Plant Populations.

• Author: von Gleich, Arnim.
• TeilnehmendeR: Schröder, Winfried.
• Place / Publishing House: Cham : : Springer International Publishing AG,, 2020.; ©2020.
• Year of Publication: 2020
• Edition: 1st ed.
• Language: English
• Physical Description: 1 online resource (264 pages)

Table of Contents

Intro -- Acknowledgements -- Introduction -- Contents -- Contributors -- Abbreviations -- Species List -- 1 Technology Characterisation -- Introduction -- SPAGE-Techniques -- Gene Drives -- Methodology of Technology Characterisation -- Depth of Intervention (Technological Power and Range) -- Intensity of Intervention (Number/Frequency) -- Reliability of the Technology -- Corrigibility or Limitation of Damage in Case of Failure -- Important Preliminary Remarks -- SPAGE Technologies -- Release of Insects Carrying a Dominant Lethal Gene (RIDL) -- Meiotic Drives (MD) in particular X-Shredder -- Killer-Rescue -- Maternal-Effect Dominant Embryonic Arrest (Medea) -- Underdominance (UD) -- Homing Endonuclease Genes (HEG) -- CRISPR/Cas9 -- Summary of the Technology Characterisation -- References -- 2 Gene Drives Touching Tipping Points -- The Relevance of Tipping Points to Understand Implications of Deliberate Release of Self Propagating Artificial Genetic Elements (SPAGE) -- Conceptual Background: Phase Transitions in Dynamic Systems -- Examples in Different Scientific Domains -- Concepts and Applications in Dynamic Theory: Important Forms of Phase Transitions Where Tipping Points Mark Domain Boundaries -- Potential Tipping Points with SPAGE Involvement -- A Hierarchy in Consideration Levels: Where SPAGE-Related Tipping Points Could Occur -- Tipping Points on the Molecular and Physiological Level -- Tipping Points on the Population Level -- Tipping Points on the Ecosystem Level -- Tipping Points on the Landscape and (Cross-) Regional Level -- Tipping Points in an Evolutionary Context -- Tipping Point Considerations with Regard to a Social Ecological Domain of SPAGE-The Interaction of Natural and Social Processes -- Tipping Points in Application and Feasibility Considerations -- Tipping Points in Risk Assessment and Management.

Tipping Points in Regulation and Law Enforcement -- Tipping Points in Social Acceptance -- Discourse Outlook -- References -- 3 Vulnerability Analysis of Ecological Systems -- Introduction -- Ecosystem Vulnerability Analysis -- Exposure -- Sensitivity -- Adaptive Capacity -- Event-Based Analysis of Vulnerability -- Potential Tipping Events Caused by GDO -- Structural Analysis of Vulnerability -- Resilience of Ecosystems -- Regime Shifts and Resilience -- Summary -- References -- 4 Case Study 1: Olive Fruit Fly (Bactrocera oleae) -- Population Biology -- Phenology -- Population Characteristics -- Environmental Tolerances -- Dispersal Dynamics -- Dispersal Distances -- Genetic Variability and Gene Flow -- Potential Hazards with Regard to Gene Drive Release -- Unintentional Long-Distance Transport of the Genetically Modified Organism -- Hybridization and Horizontal Gene Transfer Across Species Boundaries -- Ecological Niche Filling by Other Species -- Concluding Remark -- References -- 5 Case Study 2: Oilseed Rape (Brassica napus L.) -- Intention and Scope of the Case Study Oilseed Rape (Brassica napus) -- Oilseed Rape-Biological and Ecological Characteristics -- Production, Uses and Genetic Modification -- Potential Hybridisation Partners -- Conclusions on Gene Flow Potential -- Pests and Pathogens -- Pollen Transfer and Gene Flow -- Gene Flow by Airborne Pollen Transport -- Lineage-Specific Factors of Actual Gene Flow -- Not-Lineage-Specific Factors of Actual Gene Flow -- Gene Flow via Pollen Transport by Insects -- Seed Persistence and Germination in Oilseed Rape -- Genetic Modifications in Oilseed Rape -- Persistence of Genetically Modified Oilseed Rape Outside Fields -- General Implications -- Agricultural Implications -- Conservation Implications -- Detection of Unintended Spread of Transgenic Oilseed Rape in Various Countries.

Modelling Approaches for Gene Drives -- GeneSys -- GeneTraMP -- Model Suitability to Represent Gene Drive Population Dynamics -- Suitability and Prerequisites of Oilseed Rape for Gene Drives? -- Purposes for Oilseed Rape Gene Drives? -- Gene Drives to Delete/Block Herbicide Resistances -- CRISPR/Cas-Based Approaches -- Resistance Blocking -- Overwriting Various Herbicide Resistances with a Single Resistance -- Self-Limiting CRISPR/Cas-Based Approaches -- Gene Drive Seeds as a Breeding Tool on Agricultural Fields -- Female Infertility Drive -- Other Gene Drive Techniques Besides CRISPR/Cas -- Conclusion -- References -- 6 Model Concepts for Gene Drive Dynamics -- Introduction -- Stock-Flow Model of an Olive Fly Population -- Stock-Flow Model of a Single-Locus Underdominance Gene Drive -- Stock-Flow Model of a Medea Gene Drive -- Deterministic Recurrence-Based Calculations on the Inheritance Schemes of Different Gene Drive Techniques -- Stochastic Model Considering an Olive Fly Population with Gene Drive and Bottlenecks -- Differential Equation-Based Modelling of an Olive Fly Population with a Gene Drive -- Individual-Based Model of an Olive Fly Population with Gene Drive -- Conclusion -- References -- 7 Alternative Techniques and Options for Risk Reduction of Gene Drives -- Introduction -- Intrinsic Containment -- Safety Options for GDO-Releases -- Molecular Modifications of Gene Drives as Safety Strategy -- Limitation by Secondary Releases -- Limitation by Dependence -- Limitation by Genetic Instability -- Alternative Approaches to Synthetic Gene Drives -- Overview of Potential Safety Mechanisms -- Summary -- References -- 8 Limits of Knowledge and Tipping Points in the Risk Assessment of Gene Drive Organisms -- Introduction -- The Production of Knowledge and Non-knowledge -- The Science of Non-knowledge in Upstream Technology Assessment.

The Exploration of Non-knowledge in the Field of Biotechnology -- Some 'Known Unknowns' in Regard to Risk Assessment of GE Organisms and New Challenges Posed by Gene Drives -- Conceptual Challenges in Risk Assessment of GE Organisms -- Specific Characteristics of GE Organisms -- Specific Challenges in Risk Assessment of Gene Drives -- Some Reasons for Concern Arising from Existing Evidence -- The EFSA Concept and the Problem of Spatio-Temporal Complexity -- The Current EFSA System and Its Approach to Future Applications -- Some Relevant Aspects of Spatio-Temporal Complexity -- Problems Emerging from Spatio-Temporal Complexity for Risk Assessment -- 'Spatio-Temporal Controllability' as a Cut-Off Criterion -- Lessons Learned from Risk Assessment of Chemicals -- Cut-Off Criteria in the Risk Assessment of GE Organisms -- Case Studies: How to Apply 'Spatio-Temporal Controllability' in Practice -- The Role of the Risk Manager -- Discussion -- Conclusions -- References -- 9 Steps Towards a Precautionary Risk Governance of SPAGE Technologies Including Gene-Drives -- Reasons for Concern as an Interface Between Risk Assessment and Risk Management -- Dealing with Non-knowledge: Precautionary, Prospective Technology Assessment Versus Environmental Risk Assessment -- Depth of Intervention -- Identification of Substances of Very High Concern in REACH -- Operationalization of the Precautionary Principle in the Governance of GMOs Along the Lines of REACH -- Conclusion -- Five Steps Towards Integrating the Precautionary Principle into the Governance of SPAGE -- References -- Summary -- References -- Index.