Sustainable Rice Straw Management.
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Place / Publishing House: | Cham : : Springer International Publishing AG,, 2019. ©2020. |
Year of Publication: | 2019 |
Edition: | 1st ed. |
Language: | English |
Online Access: | |
Physical Description: | 1 online resource (199 pages) |
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Table of Contents:
- Intro
- Preface
- Acknowledgments
- Contents
- Contributors
- Chapter 1: Rice Straw Overview: Availability, Properties, and Management Practices
- 1.1 Rice Straw Availability
- 1.2 Rice Straw Properties and Composition
- 1.2.1 Physical Properties
- 1.2.2 Thermal Properties
- 1.2.3 Chemical Composition
- 1.3 Overview of Rice-Straw Management Options
- 1.3.1 Burning Issues and Alternative Management Options
- 1.3.2 Scalable Solutions for Sustainable Rice-Straw Management
- 1.3.2.1 Incorporation
- 1.3.2.2 Mechanized Collection
- 1.3.2.3 Mechanized Composting
- 1.3.2.4 Mushroom Production
- 1.3.2.5 Rice-Straw Silage for Cattle Feed
- 1.4 Conclusions and Recommendations
- References
- Chapter 2: Mechanized Collection and Densification of Rice Straw
- 2.1 Introduction
- 2.2 Mechanized Collection of Rice Straw
- 2.3 Overview of Mechanized Straw Collection Technologies
- 2.4 Commonly Used Rice Straw Balers in Asia
- 2.5 High-Density Straw Compacting, Briquetting, and Pelletizing
- 2.5.1 Compacting
- 2.5.1.1 Vertical Compacting
- 2.5.1.2 Horizontal Compacting
- 2.5.2 Briquetting
- 2.5.3 Pelletizing
- 2.6 Conclusions and Recommendations
- References
- Chapter 3: Rice Straw-Based Composting
- 3.1 Overview of Composting Technology
- 3.1.1 Properties of Materials
- 3.1.2 Temperature
- 3.1.3 pH Value of Composting Environment
- 3.1.4 Carbon-to-Nitrogen Ratio
- 3.1.5 Moisture Content of Substrates
- 3.2 Current Practices for Rice-Straw Composting
- 3.2.1 Vermi-composting
- 3.2.2 Mechanized Windrow Composting
- 3.3 Conclusions and Recommendations
- References
- Chapter 4: Thermochemical Conversion of Rice Straw
- 4.1 Overview of Thermal Conversion Processes
- 4.2 Properties of Rice Straw for Thermal Conversion
- 4.3 Currently Developed Technologies and Practices of Rice Straw Thermal Conversion
- 4.3.1 Pyrolysis.
- 4.3.2 Gasification
- 4.3.3 Combustion
- 4.4 Nonenergy Thermal Conversion Byproducts
- 4.4.1 Biochar
- 4.4.2 Slag, Vitrified Slag or Ash
- 4.5 Comparison of Thermal Conversion Technologies
- 4.5.1 Energy Conversion
- 4.5.2 Technology and Commercial Maturity
- 4.5.3 Environmental and Health Impacts
- 4.6 Conclusions and Recommendations
- References
- Chapter 5: Anaerobic Digestion of Rice Straw for Biogas Production
- 5.1 Introduction of Anaerobic Digestion Technology
- 5.1.1 Products of Anaerobic Digestion
- 5.1.2 Anaerobic Digestion Process
- 5.1.2.1 Stage 1: Hydrolysis
- 5.1.2.2 Stage 2: Acid-Producing (Acidogenesis)
- 5.1.2.3 Stage 3: Acetic Acid-Producing (Acetogenesis)
- 5.1.2.4 Stage 4: Methane-Producing (Methanogenesis)
- 5.1.3 Factors Affecting the Anaerobic Digestion Process
- 5.1.3.1 Temperature
- 5.1.3.2 pH and Alkalinity
- 5.1.3.3 Redox Potential
- 5.1.3.4 Salinity
- 5.1.3.5 Carbon to Nitrogen (C/N) Ratio
- 5.1.3.6 Loading Rate and Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT)
- 5.1.3.7 Toxins
- 5.1.3.8 Dry Matter and Water Content
- 5.1.3.9 Stirring
- 5.1.3.10 Feedstock Pretreatment
- 5.1.3.11 Feedstock Size
- 5.2 AD Systems
- 5.2.1 Small-Scale Biogas Digesters
- 5.2.1.1 Biogas Plants Constructed On-Site
- 5.2.1.1.1 Fixed-Dome Digesters
- 5.2.1.1.2 Indian Digesters
- 5.2.1.1.3 Floating Drum Digesters
- 5.2.1.2 Prefabricated On-Site Biogas Plants
- 5.2.1.2.1 Fiber-Reinforced Plastic (FRP) Digesters
- 5.2.1.2.2 Hard-Plastic Digester Types
- 5.2.1.2.3 Soft-Plastic Digester Types
- 5.2.2 Medium- and Large-Scale Plants
- 5.3 Current Technology Developments and Practices for Rice Straw AD
- 5.3.1 Rice Straw Pretreatment for AD
- 5.3.1.1 Physical Pretreatment: Effect of Particle Size of Rice Straw
- 5.3.1.2 Chemical Pretreatment
- 5.3.1.2.1 Acid Pretreatment
- 5.3.1.2.2 Alkaline Pretreatment.
- 5.3.1.3 Biological Pretreatment
- 5.3.2 Current Practices of Rice Straw AD
- 5.3.2.1 Rice Straw Batch AD
- 5.3.2.2 Two-Stage AD
- 5.4 Utilization of Bioslurry
- 5.5 Conclusions and Recommendations
- References
- Chapter 6: Rice-Straw Mushroom Production
- 6.1 Overview of Rice-Straw Mushroom (RSM)
- 6.2 Physical Characteristics of RSM
- 6.3 Environmental and Nutritional Requirements
- 6.4 Current Practices for Growing Mushroom
- 6.4.1 Outdoor RSM Cultivation
- 6.4.1.1 Rice Straw for Mushroom Growing and Preparation of the Growing Location
- 6.4.1.2 Growing Preparation and Maintenance of Planting Spawn
- 6.4.1.3 Preparation of Growing Beds and Spawning
- 6.4.1.4 Mushroom Growing Care
- 6.4.1.5 Harvesting and Processing
- 6.4.2 Indoor RSM Growing
- 6.4.3 Case Study of Cost-Benefits for Growing Indoor and Outdoor Mushroom
- 6.5 Pest and Disease Problems
- 6.6 Preservation and Consumption of RSM
- 6.7 Summary and Recommendations
- References
- Chapter 7: Rice Straw-Based Fodder for Ruminants
- 7.1 Introduction
- 7.2 Rice Straw as a Feed Source
- 7.2.1 Availability and Carrying Capacity
- 7.2.2 Nutrients in Rice Straw
- 7.2.3 Rice Straw Intake by Ruminants
- 7.2.4 Nutrient Digestibility of Rice Straw
- 7.3 Pretreatment of Rice Straw as Ruminant Fodder
- 7.3.1 Physical Processes
- 7.3.2 Chemical Treatment
- 7.3.2.1 Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) Treatment
- 7.3.2.2 Ammonia (NH3) Treatment of Rice Straw
- 7.3.2.3 Urea Treatment
- 7.3.2.4 Lime Treatment
- 7.3.3 Biological Treatment
- 7.3.3.1 White-Rot Fungi Treatment
- 7.3.3.2 Treatment with Enzymes
- 7.4 Effects of Feeding Pure or Pretreated Rice Straw to Ruminants
- 7.4.1 Effects of Urea-Treated Rice Straw in Ruminants
- 7.4.2 Effects of Biological Treatment of Rice Straw
- 7.5 Limitations of Rice Straw Utilization
- 7.6 Summary and Recommendations
- References.
- Chapter 8: Rice Straw Incorporation Influences Nutrient Cycling and Soil Organic Matter
- 8.1 Introduction
- 8.2 Different Components of Rice Straw
- 8.3 Forms in Which Rice Straw Is Returned to the Soil
- 8.4 Straw Effects on Soil Properties
- 8.4.1 Nutrient Cycling
- 8.4.2 Soil Organic Carbon
- 8.5 Rice Straw Effects on Yield
- 8.6 Paddy Soil Degradation Associated with Straw Removal
- 8.7 Constraints, Trends, and Recommendations
- References
- Chapter 9: Rice Straw Management Effects on Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Mitigation Options
- 9.1 Introduction
- 9.2 In-Field Straw Management Effects on Emissions and Mitigation
- 9.2.1 Burning
- 9.2.2 Incorporation Rates and Environmental Factors
- 9.2.2.1 Water Management
- 9.2.2.2 Cropping System
- 9.2.2.3 Tillage
- 9.2.2.4 Soil Type
- 9.2.2.5 Fertilizer
- 9.3 Off-Field Straw Management Effects on GHGEs
- 9.3.1 Composting
- 9.3.2 Biochar
- 9.4 Other Off-Field Practices and Effects on GHGEs
- 9.4.1 Mechanized Straw Collection
- 9.4.2 Fodder
- 9.4.3 Bioenergy
- 9.4.3.1 Straw Combustion for Thermal Bioenergy
- 9.4.3.2 Straw Anaerobic Digestion for CH4 Bioenergy
- 9.5 Conclusions and Recommendations
- References
- Chapter 10: Life Cycle Assessment Applied in Rice Production and Residue Management
- 10.1 Introduction
- 10.2 LCA Framework
- 10.2.1 Classification
- 10.2.2 Normalization and Weighting
- 10.3 Some Typical and Advanced Analyses in LCA
- 10.3.1 Analyzing Energy and GHGE Balances
- 10.3.2 Sensitivity and Uncertainty Analyses
- 10.4 Case Study Using LCA and SIMAPRO for Rice Production
- 10.5 Summary and Suggestions for Further Applications
- References
- Chapter 11: Rice Straw Value Chains and Case Study on Straw Mushroom in Vietnam's Mekong River Delta
- 11.1 Introduction
- 11.2 Mapping Rice Straw Value Chains in Vietnam, Cambodia, and the Philippines.
- 11.3 Case Study of Rice Straw Mushroom Value Chains in Vietnam's Mekong River Delta (MRD)
- 11.3.1 Mapping Value Chains
- 11.3.1.1 Distributors
- 11.3.1.2 Collectors and Transporters
- 11.3.1.3 Pre-processors
- 11.3.1.4 Processors
- 11.3.1.5 Wholesalers
- 11.3.1.6 Retailers
- 11.3.1.7 Input Suppliers
- 11.3.1.8 Rice Straw Collectors and Traders
- 11.3.1.9 Spore Suppliers
- 11.3.1.10 RSM Production
- 11.3.1.11 External Agents and Remaining Knowledge Gaps
- 11.3.2 Economic Analysis
- 11.3.3 Stakeholder Analysis
- 11.3.4 Constraints of RSM Value Chains
- 11.3.4.1 Low Economic Returns and High Risks
- 11.3.4.2 Lack of Linkages among Actors
- 11.3.4.3 Little Support for Strengthening Capacity
- 11.3.5 SWOT Analysis
- 11.3.5.1 Strengths
- 11.3.5.2 Weaknesses
- 11.3.5.3 Opportunities
- 11.3.5.4 Threats
- 11.3.5.5 Recommended Strategies to Upgrade RSM Value Chains in the MRD
- 11.3.5.6 Recommended Prioritized Activities to Support Fresh and Processed Mushroom Value Chains
- 11.4 Summary, Further Research, and Developments
- References.