Sustainable Rice Straw Management.

• Author: Gummert, Martin.
• TeilnehmendeR: Hung, Nguyen Van.; Chivenge, Pauline.; Douthwaite, Boru.
• Place / Publishing House: Cham : : Springer International Publishing AG,, 2019.; ©2020.
• Year of Publication: 2019
• Edition: 1st ed.
• Language: English
• Physical Description: 1 online resource (199 pages)

Table of Contents

Intro -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- Contributors -- Chapter 1: Rice Straw Overview: Availability, Properties, and Management Practices -- 1.1 Rice Straw Availability -- 1.2 Rice Straw Properties and Composition -- 1.2.1 Physical Properties -- 1.2.2 Thermal Properties -- 1.2.3 Chemical Composition -- 1.3 Overview of Rice-Straw Management Options -- 1.3.1 Burning Issues and Alternative Management Options -- 1.3.2 Scalable Solutions for Sustainable Rice-Straw Management -- 1.3.2.1 Incorporation -- 1.3.2.2 Mechanized Collection -- 1.3.2.3 Mechanized Composting -- 1.3.2.4 Mushroom Production -- 1.3.2.5 Rice-Straw Silage for Cattle Feed -- 1.4 Conclusions and Recommendations -- References -- Chapter 2: Mechanized Collection and Densification of Rice Straw -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Mechanized Collection of Rice Straw -- 2.3 Overview of Mechanized Straw Collection Technologies -- 2.4 Commonly Used Rice Straw Balers in Asia -- 2.5 High-Density Straw Compacting, Briquetting, and Pelletizing -- 2.5.1 Compacting -- 2.5.1.1 Vertical Compacting -- 2.5.1.2 Horizontal Compacting -- 2.5.2 Briquetting -- 2.5.3 Pelletizing -- 2.6 Conclusions and Recommendations -- References -- Chapter 3: Rice Straw-Based Composting -- 3.1 Overview of Composting Technology -- 3.1.1 Properties of Materials -- 3.1.2 Temperature -- 3.1.3 pH Value of Composting Environment -- 3.1.4 Carbon-to-Nitrogen Ratio -- 3.1.5 Moisture Content of Substrates -- 3.2 Current Practices for Rice-Straw Composting -- 3.2.1 Vermi-composting -- 3.2.2 Mechanized Windrow Composting -- 3.3 Conclusions and Recommendations -- References -- Chapter 4: Thermochemical Conversion of Rice Straw -- 4.1 Overview of Thermal Conversion Processes -- 4.2 Properties of Rice Straw for Thermal Conversion -- 4.3 Currently Developed Technologies and Practices of Rice Straw Thermal Conversion -- 4.3.1 Pyrolysis.

4.3.2 Gasification -- 4.3.3 Combustion -- 4.4 Nonenergy Thermal Conversion Byproducts -- 4.4.1 Biochar -- 4.4.2 Slag, Vitrified Slag or Ash -- 4.5 Comparison of Thermal Conversion Technologies -- 4.5.1 Energy Conversion -- 4.5.2 Technology and Commercial Maturity -- 4.5.3 Environmental and Health Impacts -- 4.6 Conclusions and Recommendations -- References -- Chapter 5: Anaerobic Digestion of Rice Straw for Biogas Production -- 5.1 Introduction of Anaerobic Digestion Technology -- 5.1.1 Products of Anaerobic Digestion -- 5.1.2 Anaerobic Digestion Process -- 5.1.2.1 Stage 1: Hydrolysis -- 5.1.2.2 Stage 2: Acid-Producing (Acidogenesis) -- 5.1.2.3 Stage 3: Acetic Acid-Producing (Acetogenesis) -- 5.1.2.4 Stage 4: Methane-Producing (Methanogenesis) -- 5.1.3 Factors Affecting the Anaerobic Digestion Process -- 5.1.3.1 Temperature -- 5.1.3.2 pH and Alkalinity -- 5.1.3.3 Redox Potential -- 5.1.3.4 Salinity -- 5.1.3.5 Carbon to Nitrogen (C/N) Ratio -- 5.1.3.6 Loading Rate and Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT) -- 5.1.3.7 Toxins -- 5.1.3.8 Dry Matter and Water Content -- 5.1.3.9 Stirring -- 5.1.3.10 Feedstock Pretreatment -- 5.1.3.11 Feedstock Size -- 5.2 AD Systems -- 5.2.1 Small-Scale Biogas Digesters -- 5.2.1.1 Biogas Plants Constructed On-Site -- 5.2.1.1.1 Fixed-Dome Digesters -- 5.2.1.1.2 Indian Digesters -- 5.2.1.1.3 Floating Drum Digesters -- 5.2.1.2 Prefabricated On-Site Biogas Plants -- 5.2.1.2.1 Fiber-Reinforced Plastic (FRP) Digesters -- 5.2.1.2.2 Hard-Plastic Digester Types -- 5.2.1.2.3 Soft-Plastic Digester Types -- 5.2.2 Medium- and Large-Scale Plants -- 5.3 Current Technology Developments and Practices for Rice Straw AD -- 5.3.1 Rice Straw Pretreatment for AD -- 5.3.1.1 Physical Pretreatment: Effect of Particle Size of Rice Straw -- 5.3.1.2 Chemical Pretreatment -- 5.3.1.2.1 Acid Pretreatment -- 5.3.1.2.2 Alkaline Pretreatment.

5.3.1.3 Biological Pretreatment -- 5.3.2 Current Practices of Rice Straw AD -- 5.3.2.1 Rice Straw Batch AD -- 5.3.2.2 Two-Stage AD -- 5.4 Utilization of Bioslurry -- 5.5 Conclusions and Recommendations -- References -- Chapter 6: Rice-Straw Mushroom Production -- 6.1 Overview of Rice-Straw Mushroom (RSM) -- 6.2 Physical Characteristics of RSM -- 6.3 Environmental and Nutritional Requirements -- 6.4 Current Practices for Growing Mushroom -- 6.4.1 Outdoor RSM Cultivation -- 6.4.1.1 Rice Straw for Mushroom Growing and Preparation of the Growing Location -- 6.4.1.2 Growing Preparation and Maintenance of Planting Spawn -- 6.4.1.3 Preparation of Growing Beds and Spawning -- 6.4.1.4 Mushroom Growing Care -- 6.4.1.5 Harvesting and Processing -- 6.4.2 Indoor RSM Growing -- 6.4.3 Case Study of Cost-Benefits for Growing Indoor and Outdoor Mushroom -- 6.5 Pest and Disease Problems -- 6.6 Preservation and Consumption of RSM -- 6.7 Summary and Recommendations -- References -- Chapter 7: Rice Straw-Based Fodder for Ruminants -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Rice Straw as a Feed Source -- 7.2.1 Availability and Carrying Capacity -- 7.2.2 Nutrients in Rice Straw -- 7.2.3 Rice Straw Intake by Ruminants -- 7.2.4 Nutrient Digestibility of Rice Straw -- 7.3 Pretreatment of Rice Straw as Ruminant Fodder -- 7.3.1 Physical Processes -- 7.3.2 Chemical Treatment -- 7.3.2.1 Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) Treatment -- 7.3.2.2 Ammonia (NH3) Treatment of Rice Straw -- 7.3.2.3 Urea Treatment -- 7.3.2.4 Lime Treatment -- 7.3.3 Biological Treatment -- 7.3.3.1 White-Rot Fungi Treatment -- 7.3.3.2 Treatment with Enzymes -- 7.4 Effects of Feeding Pure or Pretreated Rice Straw to Ruminants -- 7.4.1 Effects of Urea-Treated Rice Straw in Ruminants -- 7.4.2 Effects of Biological Treatment of Rice Straw -- 7.5 Limitations of Rice Straw Utilization -- 7.6 Summary and Recommendations -- References.

Chapter 8: Rice Straw Incorporation Influences Nutrient Cycling and Soil Organic Matter -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Different Components of Rice Straw -- 8.3 Forms in Which Rice Straw Is Returned to the Soil -- 8.4 Straw Effects on Soil Properties -- 8.4.1 Nutrient Cycling -- 8.4.2 Soil Organic Carbon -- 8.5 Rice Straw Effects on Yield -- 8.6 Paddy Soil Degradation Associated with Straw Removal -- 8.7 Constraints, Trends, and Recommendations -- References -- Chapter 9: Rice Straw Management Effects on Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Mitigation Options -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 In-Field Straw Management Effects on Emissions and Mitigation -- 9.2.1 Burning -- 9.2.2 Incorporation Rates and Environmental Factors -- 9.2.2.1 Water Management -- 9.2.2.2 Cropping System -- 9.2.2.3 Tillage -- 9.2.2.4 Soil Type -- 9.2.2.5 Fertilizer -- 9.3 Off-Field Straw Management Effects on GHGEs -- 9.3.1 Composting -- 9.3.2 Biochar -- 9.4 Other Off-Field Practices and Effects on GHGEs -- 9.4.1 Mechanized Straw Collection -- 9.4.2 Fodder -- 9.4.3 Bioenergy -- 9.4.3.1 Straw Combustion for Thermal Bioenergy -- 9.4.3.2 Straw Anaerobic Digestion for CH4 Bioenergy -- 9.5 Conclusions and Recommendations -- References -- Chapter 10: Life Cycle Assessment Applied in Rice Production and Residue Management -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 LCA Framework -- 10.2.1 Classification -- 10.2.2 Normalization and Weighting -- 10.3 Some Typical and Advanced Analyses in LCA -- 10.3.1 Analyzing Energy and GHGE Balances -- 10.3.2 Sensitivity and Uncertainty Analyses -- 10.4 Case Study Using LCA and SIMAPRO for Rice Production -- 10.5 Summary and Suggestions for Further Applications -- References -- Chapter 11: Rice Straw Value Chains and Case Study on Straw Mushroom in Vietnam's Mekong River Delta -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Mapping Rice Straw Value Chains in Vietnam, Cambodia, and the Philippines.

11.3 Case Study of Rice Straw Mushroom Value Chains in Vietnam's Mekong River Delta (MRD) -- 11.3.1 Mapping Value Chains -- 11.3.1.1 Distributors -- 11.3.1.2 Collectors and Transporters -- 11.3.1.3 Pre-processors -- 11.3.1.4 Processors -- 11.3.1.5 Wholesalers -- 11.3.1.6 Retailers -- 11.3.1.7 Input Suppliers -- 11.3.1.8 Rice Straw Collectors and Traders -- 11.3.1.9 Spore Suppliers -- 11.3.1.10 RSM Production -- 11.3.1.11 External Agents and Remaining Knowledge Gaps -- 11.3.2 Economic Analysis -- 11.3.3 Stakeholder Analysis -- 11.3.4 Constraints of RSM Value Chains -- 11.3.4.1 Low Economic Returns and High Risks -- 11.3.4.2 Lack of Linkages among Actors -- 11.3.4.3 Little Support for Strengthening Capacity -- 11.3.5 SWOT Analysis -- 11.3.5.1 Strengths -- 11.3.5.2 Weaknesses -- 11.3.5.3 Opportunities -- 11.3.5.4 Threats -- 11.3.5.5 Recommended Strategies to Upgrade RSM Value Chains in the MRD -- 11.3.5.6 Recommended Prioritized Activities to Support Fresh and Processed Mushroom Value Chains -- 11.4 Summary, Further Research, and Developments -- References.