Updates on Myopia : : A Clinical Perspective.

Updates on Myopia : : A Clinical Perspective.

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Bibliographic Details
:
Ang, Marcus.
TeilnehmendeR:
Wong, Tien Y.
Place / Publishing House:Singapore : : Springer Singapore Pte. Limited,, 2019.
©2020.
Year of Publication:2019
Edition:1st ed.
Language:English
Online Access:
Physical Description:1 online resource (310 pages)
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Table of Contents:
  • Intro
  • Preface
  • Acknowledgments
  • Contents
  • About the Editors
  • 1: Introduction and Overview on Myopia: A Clinical Perspective
  • 1.1 Global Epidemiology
  • 1.2 Pathogenesis of Myopia
  • 1.3 Key Environmental Factors on Myopia
  • 1.4 Genetics of Myopia
  • 1.5 Prevention of the Onset of Myopia
  • 1.6 Understanding Pathologic Myopia
  • 1.7 Imaging in Myopia
  • 1.8 Glaucoma in Myopia
  • 1.9 Management of Myopic Choroidal Neovascularization
  • 1.10 Management of Myopia-Related Retinal Complications
  • 1.10.1 Proposed Adjuncts to Improve Outcome of Macular Hole Surgery
  • 1.11 Management and Control of Myopia in Children
  • References
  • 2: Global Epidemiology of Myopia
  • 2.1 Introduction
  • 2.2 Prevalence of Myopia in Children
  • 2.2.1 Asian Countries
  • 2.2.1.1 East Asian Countries and Singapore
  • 2.2.1.2 Rest of Asian Countries
  • 2.2.2 Non-Asian Countries
  • 2.2.3 Urban and Rural Areas
  • 2.3 Prevalence of Myopia and HM in Teenagers and Young Adults
  • 2.3.1 East Asian Countries
  • 2.3.2 Rest of East Asian Countries
  • 2.4 Prevalence of Myopia and HM in Adults
  • 2.4.1 Asian Countries
  • 2.4.1.1 East Asian Countries
  • 2.4.1.2 Rest of East Asian Countries
  • 2.4.2 Non-Asian Countries
  • 2.4.3 Generational Gap
  • 2.5 The Prevalence of PM
  • 2.6 Conclusion
  • References
  • 3: The Economic and Societal Impact of Myopia and High Myopia
  • 3.1 Introduction
  • 3.2 Economic Impact of Myopia
  • 3.3 Secondary Impact of Myopia from Other Eye Diseases and Sight Loss
  • 3.4 Quality of Life
  • 3.5 Impact of Myopia Treatments on Quality of Life
  • 3.6 Summary
  • References
  • 4: Understanding Myopia: Pathogenesis and Mechanisms
  • 4.1 Emmetropization and Normal Ocular Growth in Human Eyes
  • 4.2 Ocular Biometric Changes in Human Myopia
  • 4.2.1 Cornea
  • 4.2.2 Crystalline Lens and Anterior Chamber Depth.
  • 4.2.3 Vitreous Chamber and Axial Length
  • 4.2.4 Choroid
  • 4.2.5 Sclera
  • 4.3 Visual Environment, Emmetropization, and Myopia: Evidence from Animal Models
  • 4.3.1 Form-Deprivation Myopia
  • 4.3.2 Lens Defocus Ametropias
  • 4.3.3 Comparing Form-Deprivation and Lens Defocus
  • 4.4 Other Visual Cues for Emmetropization
  • 4.4.1 Retinal Physiology
  • 4.4.2 Aberrations
  • 4.4.3 Accommodation
  • 4.4.4 Circadian Rhythms
  • 4.5 Effects of Key Environmental Factors on Myopia
  • 4.5.1 Near Work and Education
  • 4.5.2 Urbanization
  • 4.5.3 Light Exposure
  • 4.6 Conclusion
  • References
  • 5: The Genetics of Myopia
  • 5.1 Introduction
  • 5.2 Heritability
  • 5.3 Syndromic Myopia
  • 5.4 Linkage Studies
  • 5.5 Candidate Gene Studies
  • 5.6 Genome-Wide Association Studies
  • 5.7 Pathway Analysis Approaches
  • 5.8 Next Generation Sequencing
  • 5.9 Environmental Influences Through Genetics
  • 5.10 Epigenetics
  • 5.11 Implications for Clinical Management
  • 5.12 Concluding Remarks
  • References
  • 6: Risk Factors for Myopia: Putting Causal Pathways into a Social Context
  • 6.1 Key Issues When Studying Risk Factors for Myopia
  • 6.1.1 Myopia Is Etiologically Heterogeneous
  • 6.1.2 Myopia Is a Developmental Condition
  • 6.1.3 Cycloplegia and Definitions of Myopia: Important Methodological Issues
  • 6.1.4 Myopia: The Importance of Causal Pathways
  • 6.1.5 Statistical Analysis
  • 6.2 The Main Risk Factors for "School Myopia": Education and Time Outdoors
  • 6.2.1 The Search for Causal Mechanisms for Education
  • 6.2.2 Protection by Time Outdoors
  • 6.3 Other Possible Risk Factors for Myopia
  • 6.3.1 Use of Computers and Smart Phones
  • 6.3.2 Sex
  • 6.3.3 Ethnicity
  • 6.3.4 Parental Myopia
  • 6.3.5 Intelligence
  • 6.3.6 Urban/Rural Differences
  • 6.3.7 Pollution
  • 6.3.8 Housing
  • 6.3.9 Height
  • 6.3.10 Diet.
  • 6.3.11 Sleep
  • 6.3.12 Smoking
  • 6.3.13 Birth Order
  • 6.3.14 Season of Birth
  • 6.3.15 Allergic Conjunctivitis: Hay Fever and Kawasaki Disease
  • 6.3.16 Febrile Diseases
  • 6.3.17 Fertility Treatment
  • 6.4 Popular Beliefs About the Causes of Myopia
  • 6.5 Comparing Genetic and Environmental Effects
  • 6.6 Conclusions
  • References
  • 7: Prevention of Myopia Onset
  • 7.1 Introduction
  • 7.2 Onset of Myopia
  • 7.3 Increased Time Outdoors as an Intervention
  • 7.4 Reduced Near Work Intensity as an Intervention
  • 7.5 Optical Interventions
  • 7.6 Eye Exercises of Acupoints
  • 7.7 Future Prospects
  • References
  • 8: Clinical Management and Control of Myopia in Children
  • 8.1 Introduction
  • 8.2 Near Activity and Accommodation
  • 8.2.1 Bifocal and Progressive Addition Spectacles
  • 8.2.2 Atropine
  • 8.3 Peripheral Defocus
  • 8.3.1 Peripheral Myopic Defocus Glasses
  • 8.3.2 Bifocal or Dual-Focus Contact Lenses
  • 8.3.3 Orthokeratology
  • 8.4 Time Spent Outdoors
  • 8.4.1 Environmental Interventions
  • 8.4.2 Higher Light Intensities and Dopamine
  • 8.5 Inheritance and Genetics of Myopia
  • 8.6 Application to Clinical Practice
  • 8.7 Conclusion
  • References
  • 9: Understanding Pathologic Myopia
  • 9.1 Introduction
  • 9.2 Definition of Pathologic Myopia
  • 9.3 Posterior Staphyloma
  • 9.3.1 Definition of Staphyloma by Spaide (Fig. 9.1)
  • 9.3.2 Detection of Posterior Staphyloma
  • 9.3.3 Classification (Ohno-Matsui's Modified Classification, Fig. 9.3)
  • 9.4 Fundus Complications of Pathologic Myopia
  • 9.4.1 Myopic Chorioretinal Atrophy (META-PM Study, Table 9.1)
  • 9.4.2 Diffuse Chorioretinal Atrophy (Category 2)
  • 9.4.3 Patchy Chorioretinal Atrophy (Category 3)
  • 9.4.4 Lacquer Cracks (Plus Sign)
  • 9.4.5 Myopic CNV and CNV-Related Macular Atrophy
  • 9.5 Myopic Macular Retinoschisis.
  • 9.6 Dome-Shaped Macula (DSM)
  • References
  • 10: Imaging in Myopia
  • 10.1 Introduction
  • 10.2 Disease Characteristics of Myopia
  • 10.3 Key Structures Altered in Myopia and Pathological Myopia
  • 10.3.1 Sclera and Collagen
  • 10.3.2 Choroidal Changes
  • 10.3.3 Bruch's Membrane and Retinal Pigment Epithelium Changes
  • 10.4 Existing Imaging Modalities to Evaluate the Myopic Eye
  • 10.4.1 Optical Coherence Tomography
  • 10.4.2 Ultrasound
  • 10.4.3 Magnetic Resonance Imaging
  • 10.5 Challenges in Imaging of the Myopic Eye
  • 10.5.1 Interaction Between Low- and High-Order Aberrations
  • 10.5.2 Challenges in Imaging the Anterior Segment
  • 10.5.3 Challenges in Imaging the Retina
  • 10.5.4 Challenges in Imaging the Choroid and Sclera
  • 10.5.5 Challenges in Imaging the Optic Nerve
  • 10.6 Future Developments
  • References
  • 11: Glaucoma in High Myopia
  • 11.1 Introduction
  • 11.2 Anatomy of the Optic Nerve Head in High Myopia
  • 11.3 Increased Prevalence of Glaucoma in High Myopia and Associated Factors
  • 11.4 Potential Reasons for the Association Between Glaucoma and High Myopia
  • 11.5 Intraocular Pressure and Glaucoma in High Myopia
  • 11.6 Therapy of Glaucoma in High Myopia
  • References
  • 12: Clinical Management of Myopia in Adults: Treatment of Retinal Complications
  • 12.1 Introduction
  • 12.2 Surgical Procedures
  • 12.2.1 Pars Plana Vitrectomy
  • 12.2.1.1 Microincision Vitrectomy Surgery
  • 12.2.1.2 Induction of Posterior Vitreous Detachment
  • 12.2.1.3 Epiretinal Membrane Peeling
  • 12.2.1.4 Internal Limiting Membrane Peeling
  • Full-Thickness Macular Hole
  • Myopic Foveoschisis
  • 12.2.1.5 Gas Tamponade
  • 12.2.2 Additional Measures (Adjuncts) to Improve Outcome of Macular Hole Surgery
  • 12.2.2.1 Endotamponade
  • 12.2.2.2 Inverted Internal Limiting Membrane Flap.
  • 12.2.2.3 Autologous Internal Limiting Membrane Transplantation
  • 12.2.2.4 Autologous Blood
  • 12.2.2.5 Lens Capsular Flap Transplantation
  • 12.2.2.6 Macular Buckle
  • 12.2.2.7 Autologous Neurosensory Retinal Transplantation
  • 12.3 Conclusion
  • References
  • 13: Clinical Management of Myopia in Adults: Treatment of Myopic CNV
  • 13.1 Disease Overview
  • 13.2 Incidence and Prevalence
  • 13.3 Natural History
  • 13.4 Risk Factors
  • 13.5 Pathogenesis
  • 13.6 Diagnosis and Monitoring
  • 13.7 Differential Diagnosis
  • 13.7.1 Macular Hemorrhage Secondary to Lacquer Cracks (Fig. 13.2)
  • 13.7.2 Inflammatory CNV
  • 13.7.3 Dome-Shaped Maculopathy with Serous Detachment
  • 13.8 Management
  • 13.8.1 Anti-Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Drugs
  • 13.9 Ranibizumab
  • 13.10 Aflibercept
  • 13.11 Bevacizumab
  • 13.12 Conbercept
  • 13.13 Factors Related to Treatment Outcomes
  • 13.14 Recurrence
  • 13.15 Treatment Regimen and Follow-Up
  • 13.16 Long-Term Outcomes
  • 13.17 Conclusions
  • References
  • 14: Optical Interventions for Myopia Control
  • 14.1 Introduction
  • 14.2 Spectacle Lenses
  • 14.2.1 Under-Correction of Myopia
  • 14.2.2 Bifocal or Multifocal Spectacles
  • 14.3 Contact Lenses
  • 14.3.1 Rigid Gas Permeable Contact Lenses
  • 14.3.2 Orthokeratology
  • 14.3.3 Soft Bifocal and Multifocal Contact Lenses
  • 14.4 Others: Outdoor Activities and Violet Light Transmitting Lenses
  • 14.5 Comparison of the Effectiveness on Myopia Control by Different Optical Interventions
  • 14.6 Conclusions
  • References
  • Correction to: Optical Interventions for Myopia Control
  • Correction to: M. Ang, T. Y. Wong (eds.), Updates on Myopia, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-8491-2_14.

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