Status and Dynamics of Forests in Germany : : Results of the National Forest Monitoring.

• Superior document: Ecological Studies ; v.237
• Author: Wellbrock, Nicole.
• TeilnehmendeR: Bolte, Andreas.
• Place / Publishing House: Cham : : Springer International Publishing AG,, 2019.; ©2019.
• Year of Publication: 2019
• Edition: 1st ed.
• Language: English
• Series: Ecological Studies
• Physical Description: 1 online resource (388 pages)

Table of Contents

Intro -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- Chapter 1: Concept and Methodology of the National Forest Soil Inventory -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 The National Forest Soils Inventory as a Part of the Forest Monitoring in Germany -- 1.3 Legal Framework -- 1.4 Objectives and Key Questions -- 1.5 Survey Parameters and Data Harmonization -- 1.6 Inventory Design -- 1.7 Soil Sampling -- 1.7.1 National Forest Soils Inventory -- 1.7.2 Level II -- 1.8 Laboratory Analytics Quality Management -- 1.9 Sample Preparation Methods -- 1.10 Soil Physical Parameters -- 1.11 Chemical Analysis of Soil and Humus -- 1.12 Sampling of Leaves and Needles -- 1.13 Chemical Analysis of Leaves and Needles -- 1.14 Tree Crown Condition -- 1.15 Critical Loads -- 1.15.1 Critical Loads of Acidity -- 1.15.2 Critical Loads of Nutrient Nitrogen for Soils -- 1.15.3 Derivation of Input Data -- 1.16 Atmospheric Deposition -- 1.17 Statistics -- 1.17.1 Weighting -- 1.17.2 Basic Evaluations -- 1.17.3 Challenges and Solutions -- References -- Chapter 2: Environmental Settings and Their Changes in the Last Decades -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Changes of Atmospheric Deposition on NFSI Plots -- 2.3 Climate -- 2.4 Soil Parent Material Groups -- 2.5 Soil Classes -- 2.6 Humus Forms -- 2.7 Types of Depth Profiles of Base Saturation -- 2.8 Acid-Sensitive Sites -- 2.9 Forest Stands -- 2.10 Classification of Forests Based on the Atmospheric Deposition -- 2.11 Critical Loads for Eutrophication and Acidification and Their Exceedance -- 2.11.1 Parameters for Critical Loads Calculation Derived from NFSI II Data -- 2.11.2 Critical Limits and Critical Loads -- 2.11.3 Exceedance of Critical Loads -- 2.12 Summary and Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 3: Soil Water Budget and Drought Stress -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Soil Properties as Input for Water Budget Modelling.

3.2.1 Estimating Soil Hydraulic Functions Using Pedotransfer Functions -- 3.2.1.1 Introduction -- 3.2.1.2 Materials and Methods -- 3.2.1.3 Results and Discussion -- 3.2.1.4 Conclusions About Choosing the Appropriate Pedotransfer Function for the Water Budget Modelling -- 3.3 Fine Root Distribution on NFSI Sites -- 3.3.1 Fine Root Density Model -- 3.3.2 Continuous Fine Root Distribution -- 3.3.3 Effective Rooting Depth -- 3.3.4 Effect of Stand Type, Soil Class and Acidification -- 3.4 Modelling Dynamic Water Availability in Forests -- 3.4.1 Model Description, Input Data, Parameterization and Target Variables -- 3.4.1.1 Climate Data, Soil and Site -- 3.4.1.2 Parameterization of the Vegetation -- 3.4.1.3 Processing the Results -- 3.4.2 Results -- 3.5 Deriving the Risk for Drought Stress -- 3.5.1 Characteristic Properties of Water Shortage -- 3.5.2 Future Drought Trend -- 3.6 Summary and Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 4: Soil Acidification in German Forest Soils -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Acid-Base Status of German Forest Soils -- 4.2.1 Soil Acidity -- 4.2.2 Base Saturation -- 4.2.3 Aqua Regia Extractable Ca Stocks -- 4.2.4 Comparison with Long-term Studies on Soil Acidification -- 4.2.5 Case Study on Soil Acidification in the State of Brandenburg -- 4.3 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 5: Nitrogen Status and Dynamics in German Forest Soils -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Nitrogen Stocks in Forest Soils -- 5.2.1 Gradient of Nitrogen Stocks with Depth in the Soil Profile -- 5.2.2 Nitrogen Stocks in the Organic Layer -- 5.2.3 Nitrogen Stocks in the Soil Profile: Organic Layer-Maximum 90 cm -- 5.2.4 C/N Ratios in the Top Soil -- 5.2.5 Comparison to C/N Ratios of NFSI I -- 5.3 Impact Factors -- 5.3.1 Forest Type -- 5.3.2 Parent Material and Soil Acidity -- 5.3.3 Annual Mean Temperature -- 5.3.4 Agricultural Land Use -- 5.4 Nitrogen Stock Changes.

5.4.1 Nitrogen Stock Difference on NFSI Plots -- 5.4.2 Nitrogen Stock Difference on IFM Plots -- 5.4.3 Nitrogen Balance Estimation -- 5.4.3.1 Atmospheric Nitrogen Deposition -- 5.4.3.2 Gaseous Nitrogen Emissions -- 5.4.3.3 Nitrogen Leaching -- 5.4.3.4 Net Nitrogen Uptake for Different Harvest Scenarios -- 5.4.3.5 Discussion of Estimated Balances -- 5.5 Discussion of Methods -- 5.5.1 Spatial Variability -- 5.5.2 Uncertainty from Analytical Errors -- 5.5.3 Treatment of Very Low Concentrations -- 5.5.4 Plot Selection Effects -- 5.6 Summary and Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 6: Carbon Stocks and Carbon Stock Changes in German Forest Soils -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Carbon Stocks in German Forest Soils -- 6.2.1 Carbon Stocks -- 6.2.2 Organic Carbon Stock Changes in German Forest Soils -- 6.2.3 Effects of Forest Stands and Parent Material on Carbon Stocks -- 6.2.3.1 Forest Stands-Specific Carbon Stocks -- 6.2.3.2 Organic Carbon Stocks of Different Soil Parent Materials -- 6.2.3.3 Interactions Between Forest Stand Types and Soil Parent Material -- 6.3 Effects of Natural and Anthropogenic Environmental Factors on Carbon Stocks in Forest Soils -- 6.4 Effects of Natural Environmental Factors -- 6.5 Effects of Anthropogenic Factors -- 6.5.1 Forest Stand Structure -- 6.5.2 Atmospheric Nitrogen Deposition -- 6.5.3 Forest Liming -- 6.6 Summary and Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 7: Heavy Metal Stocks and Concentrations in Forest Soils -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Heavy Metal Stocks in the Organic Layer and Mineral Soil -- 7.2.1 Status and Depth Gradients -- 7.2.2 Spatial Distributions -- 7.2.2.1 The Organic Layer -- 7.2.2.2 Mineral Soil Layers -- 7.2.3 Changes in Heavy Metal Stocks -- 7.2.3.1 Impacts of Liming on Changes in Heavy Metal Stocks in the Organic Layer.

7.2.3.2 Inventory Changes in the Soil (Organic Layer and Topsoil) Using the NFSI Plots in North Rhine-Westphalia -- 7.3 Heavy Metal Concentrations in the Organic Layer and Mineral Soil -- 7.3.1 Spatial Distribution -- 7.3.1.1 Organic Layer -- 7.3.1.2 Mineral Soil -- 7.3.2 Influence of the Parent Rock on Heavy Metal Concentrations in the Mineral Soil -- 7.3.3 Evaluation of Heavy Metal Concentrations in the Mineral Soil -- 7.4 Conclusions/Recommendations for Action -- 7.5 Summary -- References -- Chapter 8: Occurrence and Spatial Distribution of Selected Organic Substances in Germanyś Forest Soils -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Material and Methods -- 8.2.1 Concentrations of Organic Substances in German Forest Soils -- 8.2.2 Stocks of Organic Substances in German Forest Soils -- 8.2.3 Spatial Distribution of Organic Substances in German Forest Soils -- 8.2.4 Environmental Factors for the Distribution of Organic Substances -- 8.3 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 9: Nutritional Status of Major Forest Tree Species in Germany -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Foliar Nitrogen Nutrition -- 9.3 Foliar Phosphorus Nutrition of European Beech -- 9.4 Foliar Sulphur Nutrition -- 9.5 Effects of Liming -- 9.6 Effectiveness of Air Quality Control Measures with Respect to Lead -- 9.7 Ratios of Nutrient Contents from Needles of Different Ages (Norway Spruce and Scots Pine) -- 9.8 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 10: Plants as Indicators of Soil Chemical Properties -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Climate, Soil, and Vegetation Data -- 10.3 Environmental Impact on Species Composition -- 10.4 Modelling Species Response to Soil Properties -- 10.5 Predicting Soil Properties by Species Composition -- 10.6 The WeiWIS Indicator System -- 10.7 Discussion -- 10.8 Conclusions -- References.

Chapter 11: Spatial Response Patterns in Biotic Reactions of Forest Trees and Their Associations with Environmental Variables ... -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 The Secondary Growth Response to Drought -- 11.3 Defoliation Development Types and Associated Risk Factors -- 11.3.1 Defining Age-Independent Defoliation Development Types -- 11.3.2 Variables Associated with Defoliation -- 11.3.2.1 Time Series -- 11.3.2.2 NFSI Period -- 11.3.3 Integrated Analysis of Defoliation Development Types and Associated Variables -- 11.4 Defining Forest Nutrition Types -- 11.5 Combined Defoliation Development Types and Nutrition Types -- 11.6 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 12: Sustainable Use and Development of Forests and Forest Soils: A Resume -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Clean Air Policies and Forest Liming Take Effect Against Soil Acidification -- 12.3 Nitrogen Eutrophication Remains Challenging -- 12.4 Nutrient Sustainability Limits Biomass Harvest Options -- 12.5 Forest Soils Absorb Heavy Metals -- 12.6 Organic Pollutants (POPs) Persist Long Term in Forest Soils -- 12.7 Carbon Sequestration in Forest Soil Supports Climate Protection -- 12.8 Atmospheric Pollution Interacts with Climate Change Impacts -- 12.9 Forest Transformation Affects Forest Soils Positively -- 12.10 Conclusions and Outlook -- References -- Appendix -- Index.