Pathways and Consequences of Legal Irregularity : : Senegalese Migrants in France, Italy and Spain.

• Superior document: IMISCOE Research Series
• Author: Vickstrom, Erik R.
• Place / Publishing House: Cham : : Springer International Publishing AG,, 2019.; ©2019.
• Year of Publication: 2019
• Edition: 1st ed.
• Language: English
• Series: IMISCOE Research Series
• Physical Description: 1 online resource (233 pages)

Table of Contents

Pathways and Consequences of Legal Irregularity -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- Chapter 1: Introduction -- 1.1 What Is Irregularity? -- 1.2 Multiple Contexts of Reception, Complex Configurations of Legal Status, and the Consequences of Irregularity -- 1.3 Variation in Legal Contexts of Reception Is Crucial for Understanding the Pathways into and Consequences of Irregularity -- 1.4 Simplified Operationalizations of Legal Status Hamper Understanding of Irregularity -- 1.5 So What? When, How, and Why Does Irregularity Matter? -- 1.6 Senegal as a Strategic Site for Migration Research -- 1.7 The Migration Between Africa and Europe (MAFE) Project -- 1.7.1 Sampling Design of the MAFE Project -- 1.7.2 MAFE Questionnaires -- 1.7.3 Advantages of the MAFE Data -- Inclusion of Regular and Irregular Migrants -- Longitudinal Measurement of Legal Status -- Comparability of Legal Statuses -- 1.7.4 Limitations of the MAFE Data -- Sample Size -- Recall Bias -- Time Resolution -- Standardization of Heterogeneous Legal Statuses -- The Murkiness of Legal Status -- References -- Chapter 2: Evolution of Immigration-Control Policies in France, Italy, and Spain -- 2.1 Policy Evolution in Multiple Contexts of Reception -- 2.2 France -- 2.2.1 Colonial "Assimilation" and Citizenship -- 2.2.2 Link Between Colonial-Era Policies and Migration -- 2.2.3 Post-War Reconstruction and the Importation of Foreign Labor -- The General Regime of the Ordinance of 1945 -- Decolonization and the Creation of a Preferential Regime -- 2.2.4 The 1960s: The Special Regime of the Bilateral Accord and Widespread Irregularity -- Senegalese Independence, the Preferential Regime, and "Immigration Sauvage" -- The General Regime: Post-facto Regularization as the Norm -- The End of Regularization and the Suspension of Labor Immigration.

2.2.5 The 1970s: The "Closing" of the French Border and the Erosion of the Bilateral Accord -- Establishment of the Carte de Séjour Requirements for Senegalese -- 2.2.6 The 1980s: Immigration Policy as a Political Football and Consensus in Border Security -- 2.2.7 Visa Requirements for Senegalese and the Re-negotiated Bilateral Accord of 1995 -- Unilateral Imposition of Visa Requirements in 1986 -- New Bilateral Accord -- 2.2.8 The 1990s: Pasqua, Debré, and the Sans-Papiers Movement -- 2.2.9 The 2000s: Selective Immigration and Coordinated Migration Management -- 2.3 Senegalese Migration to New Destinations in Southern Europe -- 2.4 Italy -- 2.4.1 Pre-1986: Italian Emigration and the Fragmentation of Immigration Policy -- Mechanisms of Internal Control -- Mechanisms of External Control -- 2.4.2 1986-1998: National-Level Immigration Policy and "Moral Panic" -- 2.4.3 The 2000s: "Strong Restrictive Ambition" -- 2.5 Spain -- 2.5.1 1970s-1999: European Integration -- 2.5.2 2000-2008: Rights and Freedoms of Foreigners, Alien Affairs, and Plan África -- The Arrival of the Cayucos in the Canary Islands and Spain's "Plan África" -- 2.6 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3: Pathways into Irregular Legal Status of Senegalese Migrants France, Italy, and Spain -- 3.1 Conceptual Approaches to Irregularity -- 3.1.1 The Legal and Social Production of Irregularity -- 3.1.2 Multidimensionality of Irregularity -- 3.1.3 Incomplete State Control and Migrant Agency -- 3.1.4 Pathways into Irregularity -- Geographic Flows into Irregularity and Mechanisms of External Control: No-Visa Entry -- Status Flows into Irregularity and Mechanisms of Internal Control: Overstaying and Befallen Irregularity -- 3.2 Hypotheses -- 3.3 Data and Methods -- 3.3.1 Sample -- 3.3.2 Legal Status Variables -- 3.3.3 Predictor Variables -- 3.3.4 Models -- No-Visa Entry -- Overstaying.

Befallen Irregularity -- Estimation and Presentation of Models -- 3.4 Results -- 3.4.1 No-Visa Entry -- 3.4.2 Pathway: Overstaying -- 3.4.3 Pathway: Befallen Irregularity -- 3.5 Discussion -- 3.6 Conclusion -- Appendix: Raw Coefficient Estimates for Models of Pathways into Irregularity -- References -- Chapter 4: Legal Status, Gender, and Economic Incorporation of Senegalese Migrants in France, Italy, and Spain -- 4.1 Gendered Channels of Migration: Family Reunification, Legal Status, and Dependency -- 4.1.1 Reunification and Gendered Economic and Administrative Dependency -- 4.1.2 Family Reunification Regimes and Configurations of Legal Status -- 4.2 Reunified Women and the Labor Market -- 4.3 Limitations of Existing Research -- 4.3.1 Assuming Participation: Undocumented Status and Wages in the US -- 4.3.2 Ethnic Penalties on Employment in Europe, but Limited Measures of Legal Status -- 4.4 Gender Norms, Family Reunification, and Work Among Senegalese Migrants -- 4.5 Hypotheses -- 4.6 Data and Methods -- 4.6.1 The Analytic Sample -- 4.6.2 Outcome Variables -- Economic Activity -- 4.6.3 Predictor Variables -- Legal Status and Context of Reception -- Location of Spouse/Partner -- Human, Social, and Migration-Specific Capital -- Context of Exit -- 4.6.4 Models -- First-Year Economic Activity -- Transitions into and out of Employment -- 4.7 Results -- 4.7.1 Gender, Partner Location, and Legal Status -- 4.7.2 First-Year Economic Activity -- 4.7.3 Transitions out of Employment for Men -- 4.7.4 Transitions into Employment for Women -- 4.8 Discussion -- 4.9 Conclusion -- Appendix: Raw Coefficient Estimates for Models in this Chapter -- References -- Chapter 5: Legal Status, Territorial Confinement, and Transnational Activities of Senegalese Migrants in France, Italy, and Spain -- 5.1 Types of Transnational Activities.

5.2 The Role of the State in Migrant Transnational Activities -- 5.3 Homeland Visits and Territorial Confinement of Migrants with Irregular Status -- 5.4 Blocked Transnationalism and Structural Exclusion -- 5.5 Affective Ties, Homeland Visits, and Non-mobile Transnational Activities -- 5.6 Caging Non-mobile Transnational Activities -- 5.7 Transnational Activities of Senegalese Migrants -- 5.8 Hypotheses -- 5.9 Data and Methods -- 5.9.1 Data Source -- 5.9.2 The Analytic Sample -- 5.9.3 Outcome Variables -- 5.9.4 Predictor Variables -- 5.9.5 Models -- 5.9.6 Estimating Indirect Effects in a Non-linear Framework -- 5.10 Results -- 5.10.1 Descriptive Results -- 5.10.2 Multivariate Results -- Hypothesis 1: Territorial Confinement -- Short Returns -- Hypothesis 2: Blocked Transnationalism/Structural Exclusion -- Remitting -- Investing -- HTA Participation -- Hypothesis 3: Maintenance of Affective Ties -- Direct Effect of Short Returns on Non-mobile Transnational Activities -- Direct Effect of Other Affective Ties (Spouse, Children, Other Family Ties) -- Direct Effect of Other Circulation-Related Variables -- Hypothesis 4: Caging and Indirect Effects of Legal Status Via Short Returns -- 5.11 Discussion -- 5.12 Conclusion -- Appendices -- Appendix A: Wording of Questions on Transnational Activities in MAFE-Senegal Questionnaire -- Appendix B: Raw Coefficient Estimates for Models from this Chapter -- References -- Chapter 6: Conclusion -- 6.1 Evolution of Immigration-Control Policies in France, Italy, and Spain -- 6.2 Pathways into Irregular Legal Status -- 6.3 Legal Status, Gender, and Labor Market Incorporation -- 6.4 Legal Status and Transnational Activities -- 6.5 What Is Irregularity and Why Does It Matter? -- 6.6 Implications for Policy -- 6.6.1 The Unintended Consequences of Immigration Policy.

6.6.2 Co-development, Veiled Restriction, and the African "Capacity Crisis" -- References -- Correction to: Pathways and Consequences of Legal Irregularity -- Correction to: E. R. Vickstrom, Pathways and Consequences of Legal Irregularity, IMISCOE Research Series, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-12088-7.